REASSESSING RACE DISPARITIES IN MARYLAND CAPITAL CASES*

A generation of research studies that were conducted in multiple states and covered different time periods has found evidence that individuals who kill white victims encounter a greater risk of facing the death penalty than killers of black victims. More recently, research has also examined the likelihood of death penalty processing for black defendants who kill white victims in comparison with other defendant–victim race groups. In particular, a study in Maryland conducted by Paternoster et al. (2003) found evidence that offenders in black defendant–white victim cases were more likely to be death noticed by prosecutors and to receive a death sentence than other offenders. A recent analysis by Berk, Li, and Hickman (2005) raised questions about some of these findings. In this article, we conduct new analyses and conclude that black defendants who kill white victims face a greater risk of adverse treatment than other types of defendants.     

中央苏区时期反腐败斗争中的群众监督

中华苏维埃政府曾被号称＂空前的真正的廉洁政府＂,中央苏区时期,反腐败斗争取得卓越的成绩与群众的监督有着密切的联系。当时,群众参与监督的方式主要有：通过建立民主制度监督;群众参与监督机构;发动群众进行检举和控告;诉诸舆论武器。中央苏区时期反腐败工作发挥群众监督的作用对今天仍有许多启示。     

美国斯坦福大学《学生司法宪章》探析——以学生权利为视角

斯坦福大学《学生司法宪章》在受指控学生的权利保护方面规定了二十二项具体内容，在普通学生的权利保护方面突出了尊重其平等参与权的特点。这些实体权利与程序权利充分体现了权利平等、正当程序、人民主权的思想，同时也让民主治校的理念成为现实，这些重要意义也能对我国高校学生处分程序制度设计起到有益的借鉴作用。     

中国古代慎刑的政治思想

慎刑是我国古代社会世轻世重刑事政策的重要内容，它的推行受了多重政治思想的影响。正是由于秦朝法家重刑主义思想的惨败、西汉初期黄老道家思想的推行、汉代以后儒家政治思想的一以贯之，统治者在刑罚的适用中才秉承了慎刑思想，进而建立起了容隐、怜老恤幼、死刑审核等慎刑制度。     

论未成年人犯罪的刑种适用

当前,未成年人犯罪已经成为国际社会普遍关注的严重社会问题,在我国的刑事案件和犯罪人数量上同样也占据相当大的比例。但由于未成年人特殊的生理和心理特征,在刑罚的适用上也必须有所特殊,应当贯彻“教育、感化、挽救”方针,严格坚持禁止死刑和从宽处罚这两项原则,充分保护未成年人的合法权益。     

我国惩罚性赔偿制度的完善

惩罚性赔偿制度是一种兼具惩罚、补偿和威慑功能的责任制度。我国已在消费者权益保护法中引入了该项制度。但近二十五年的实践证明了我国关于该制度的规定存在一定的缺陷。本文通过分析引发问题的原因，认为应该从其适用范围和赔偿数额方面着手，进一步完善该制度。     

公安行政处罚程序实施现状及立法完善

在公安执法实践中，公安行政处罚程序对于规范公安机关行政处罚权、保障公安机关依法行政、保护相对人合法权益，具有重要的意义。但由于我国行政程序立法研究理论的欠缺和现实条件的制约，当前的公安行政处罚程序中仍存在着一些问题，急需法律予以规范和指引。     

An economic analysis of the post World War II decline in the Japanese crime rate

Since the end of World War II there has been a dramatic decrease in reported Japanese crime. Adult arrest rates have fallen steadily since the early 1950s and juvenile arrest rates have fallen since the early 1960s. An economic analysis of crime predicts that crime rates depend upon returns to crime relative to returns in legal pursuits and the certainty and severity of punishment. Regression analysis is used to test this theory using Japanese data. The empirical results indicate that the economic model does not outperform alternative naive models. However, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in returns to legitimate work diminish both adult and juvenile crime. Unemployment affects some adult crimes but has little impact on juvenile crime. The share of the population in poverty has no significant impact on either type of crime. Increases in the certainty of punishment deters adult crime but there is little evidence that increases in either the certainty or the severity of punishment deter juvenile crime. There is weak evidence to support the hypothesis that increases in the severity of adult punishments deter crime.     

破坏环境资源保护罪的构成特征探究

破坏环境资源保护罪是新《刑法》增设的一类犯罪。其侵犯的客体是国家对环境资源保护的管理制度。其客观方面不仅包括举动犯、结果犯, 而且还应当包括危险犯这一新的犯罪形态。就因果关系而言,笔者不赞成对本类犯罪的认定采取有罪推定的方法,而赞成采取国外的“流行病学”的证明方法,即“根据流行病学的方法去认识某种物质所造成的某种危害的必然性,再加上动物实验数据,并备有其他必然性的补充资料,就可以充分断定因果关系了”。关于本类犯罪的主体,笔者认为国家也可以成为国际环境犯罪的主体。在主观罪过方面,笔者不主张在我国对于此类犯罪引进无过失责任。     

用ELISA检测精液及精斑中精子抗原的研究

本实验应用单克隆抗人精子抗体和酶标记羊抗人精子抗体,采用ELISA方法确定精子抗原成份的存在。对10份新鲜精液,15份精斑进行了验测,其结果阳性率为100%。新鲜精液(精子数约10,000万个/ml)稀释100万倍,精斑浸出液稀释50万倍,均可出现阳性。对唾液斑、尿斑、乳汁斑、阴道斑、汗斑及输精管结扎的精液均为阴性。实验结果表明,本法检验精子抗原具有灵敏度高,特异性好的优点。