The Interaction Effects of Bargaining Power: The Interplay Between Veto Power,Asymmetric Interdependence,Reputation, and Audience Costs

In international relations, different rationalistic theories have developed to explain negotiators’ behavior and the outcomes of negotiations. The compatibility and interaction effects between the different forms of bargaining power, however, remain unexplored. In this article, I seek to fill this gap by connecting four rationalistic concepts of bargaining power: veto power, asymmetric interdependence, reputation, and audience costs. By showing that domestic veto players are only semiveto players in international politics – because they can veto an improvement but not a deterioration of the status quo – threats based on asymmetric interdependence to disrupt a mutually beneficial cooperative relationship can be connected to veto power; the incompatibility of the factors concerned would otherwise make this impossible. The combination of veto power and asymmetric interdependence, however, raises a theoretical question: Will rational actors ever approve a deterioration of the status quo? Theories of reputation and audience costs can help answer this question. According to these approaches, threatening parties suffer ex post costs when they back down from their own threats. This theoretical analysis sheds new light on how different forms of bargaining power interact with each other and also helps to address some of the theoretical inconsistencies of the original individual concepts. Finally, this analysis suggests some of the weaknesses of empirical studies that have neglected these interaction effects.     

有关财产刑的几点误识分析

自由刑和财产刑虽然都是被告人实现刑事责任的方式,但是二者有着不同的功效、目的和作用,两者不是简单的加减关系,也不是此消彼长的关系,因此二者之间不能易科;为弥补行政“追缴”、“没收”而适用财产刑的做法,无论是在实体上还是程序上都违背了法治原则;在司法实践中我们不应排斥对未成年被告人适用财产刑,应该具体情况具体分析。     

WTO体制下环境与贸易问题的协调

1992年全球环境与发展大会召开和乌拉圭回合结束后,各种环保意识、法律、规章和措施,越来越多地涉及到自然资源、人类和动植物生命及与健康有关的商品国际间流动,甚至扩展到服务贸易、技术贸易等领域,“贸易与环境”问题成为国际社会共同关注的焦点。如何推动环境保护与贸易自由化的相互协调发展,是WTO面临的重要问题。本文考察了环境保护和贸易自由的关系,对WTO的环保贸易条款进行了深入分析,并探讨了协调环境与贸易的途径。     

Compliance costs,regulation, and environmental performance: Controlling truck emissions in the US

When explaining regulatory policymaking and the behavior of regulated business firms, scholars have supplemented economic models by emphasizing the role of public‐regarding entrepreneurial politics and of normative pressures on firms. This article explores the limits of such entrepreneurial politics and “social license” pressures by examining regulation of emissions from diesel powered trucks in the US. We find that the economic cost of obtaining the best available control technology – new model lower emissions engines – has: (i) limited the stringency and coerciveness of direct regulation of vehicle owners and operators; (ii) dwarfed the reach and effectiveness of the governmental programs that subsidize the purchase of new less polluting vehicles; and (iii) elevated the importance of each company’s “economic license”– as opposed to its “social license”– in shaping its environmental performance. The prominence of this “regulatory compliance cost” variable in shaping both regulation and firm behavior, we conclude, is likely to recur in highly competitive markets, like trucking, that include many small firms that cannot readily either afford or pass on the cost of best available compliance technologies.     

公司担保无效责任的复位——基于责任性质、主体与效果的区分视角

在实践中,即使公司担保行为无效,公司仍然普遍须承担实质上类似有效担保的责任。这一不合理现象的原因在于法院对过错的不当界定乃至强加。以过错为线索,可以区分担保无效责任在性质和主体上的不同层次。在性质上,当担保合同自身无效时,公司承担缔约过失责任;在担保合同因主合同无效而无效时,公司只承担故意侵权责任。在主体上,行为归属要先于过错判断,当代表人行为可约束公司时,公司承担责任;否则由代表人自行承担责任,公司无须承担替代责任。责任主体的区分会进一步导致担保行为"无效"和"不生效力"的区分。性质和主体的区分会相应校正担保无效责任的范围,并排除追偿权。唯有使公司担保无效责任回归一般体系,才能避免过度强调或者不当忽略公司担保的特殊性。     

增信措施担保化的反思与重构——基于我国司法裁判的实证研究

我国司法实践中关于差额补足、流动性支持等增信措施有保证合同说、无名合同说、债务加入说和对赌协议说四种学说构造。从《民法典担保制度解释》第36条的上下文看,该条文的内容有可能导致司法实践中将增信措施解释为保证合同。但增信措施的运用领域复杂多样,应根据其交易结构、交易习惯和行为目的进行意思表示解释。在结构化金融和信托管理计划中使用增信措施,并不存在被担保的主债权,不需要按照保证合同解释。资产管理业务中的增信措施起到合法的保底作用,也不宜解释为保证合同。即使在一般的金融交易领域,增信措施有避免担保被计入企业财务报告、上市公司信息披露、保证合同各项限制性规则等意义,于此应尊重当事人的意思自治,将增信措施解释为独立的无名合同。如果增信措施的保证意思表示明显,则当然要适用保证的规则。如果增信措施被解释为无名合同而非保证,也可以考虑类推适用保证合同的规则,包括保证合同主体资格的限制、保证合同的书面形式、公司对外担保的决议,以及保证中的债权转让或债务人变更的后果等规则。但是,关于保证的从属性、保证责任范围、一般保证推定、保证期间、保证人援引主债务人抗辩事由等规则,不宜类推适用。     

Municipal Service Delivery: The Role of Transaction Costs in the Choice between Alternative Governance Mechanisms

Service provision by local governments can be delivered using in-house bureaucracies, private firms, and partnerships with other governments or the not-for-profit sector. This production decision has been a major focus of discussion among scholars, practitioners and political agents for the last quarter of a century. The transaction costs framework is an important tool to analyse decisions regarding the production of local services. In this paper, the authors employ this framework to analyse service delivery in Portugal and find that service characteristics and the local political environment play a key role in local officials' choice among the three governance mechanisms to deliver public services.     

尾市交易操纵行为的法律责任研究

近年来,尾市交易操纵行为愈演愈烈,对我国证券法律法规及市场监管提出一次又一次挑战,对证券市场造成极大破坏,严重损害了广大投资者的合法利益。这种情况很大程度上归责于我国对证券市场操纵法律责任体系的失衡,因此对该体系完善刻不容缓。而我国在这方面的理论研究和实务践行方面还不深入,因此必须借鉴美国、日本等国家完善的证券法律责任制度,以构建适合我国国情的证券市场操纵行为法律责任制度。     

水资源市场化的物权法审视

以水权交易为主要内容的水资源市场在水资源短缺和分配不均的背景下发挥的作用日益明显。自然资源所有权物权化的研究趋势对传统水权的权利属性有更为清晰的分析。水资源市场化的实现需要法律的规范和限制。物权法视角下解析水资源的用益物权属性,是水资源市场化得以真正落实的必要前提。通过物权法的理念和原则审视和规范水资源市场的交易和转让行为,为可交易水权的有效实现的研究提供了新视角。