从“结果不法”到“行为不法”——信赖原则及其相关问题探析

信赖原则是一项体现着时代精神的原则,它的产生和发展是特定社会历史背景下过失犯理论发展的结果。信赖原则适用于"数人参与活动,并对危险防止具有协力分担义务"的场合,它的适用应当受到社会相当性观念的限制。我国应确立这一原则,以适应社会的发展。     

Freedom in the German School System

This article describes `freedom' as a constitutional category in the German School Law. If the responsibility for schooling by the German Federal Constitution is given to the ``Bundesländer' a common frame is set by the Basic Rights of the German Federal Constitution; this constitutional frame limits the rights of the ``Bundesländer' in supervising, organising, planning and managing the schools. Basic rights of a single pupil in a school are limited by the same rights of other pupils; this is done by following the ``principle of practical concordance' and thus the freedom of the single pupil always becomes a relative one; how this principle works in a concrete conflict will be shown in this article by describing single cases. Parental Rights are also guaranteed by the German Federal Constitution in direction of the state-runned schools. The rights of the parents are equal to the state rights; so a solution of a conflict has to be found between these two actors. Rights of teachers in Germany are limited by their special status as civil servants. And if the pedagogical freedom of teachers is recognised by the school acts this does not describe a real kind of freedom for the single teacher.     

不同种有期自由刑并罚问题研究

当数罪主刑中同时出现有期徒刑、拘役、管制时该如何并罚,刑法对此并无直接明确的规定。较之并科原则的严厉与吸收原则的纵容,限制加重原则在处理该问题上表现出优越性,应作为解决该问题的基本原则。适用限制加重原则的关键,不在于回答如何在相异主刑之间进行换算,而在于探知对轻罪主刑进行削弱的程度和比例。有关刑期量化这一技术性问题可以从限制加重原则的立法旨意中得到启示,并借助对重罪主刑与轻罪主刑之间联动关系的考察,从而得到非同种有期自由刑并罚刑期的计算公式。     

Neutral,Biased, or Both? Discursive Construction of a Mediator's Dual Role

Within a theoretical and methodological framework based on critical discourse analysis and the principle of the objective, and using recordings from a civil case concerning an inheritance dispute, this article explores how a mediator in China employed various discursive strategies to foster conflict resolution and construct a dual role. On the one hand, he tried to maintain an impartial stance, but on the other he violated neutrality by acting selectively against one party. I suggest that the mediator, influenced by social ideology and/or his own interests, appears to be “neutral” but is sometimes “biased,” resulting in the performance of dual roles that combine the functions of problem solver, judge, and mediator. This finding facilitates greater understanding of what Chinese mediation is and how it operates.     

“量刑反制定罪论”不违反罪刑法定

量刑反制定罪论高举实质正义的大旗,强调量刑对定罪的反作用。然而认为该理论违反罪刑法定原则的批评比比皆是,目前学界主要存在滥用司法权、突破构成要件限制以及违反传统的罪刑关系这三个批评意见。抽象意义上的滥用司法权以及违反传统以罪定刑的观念无法形成有力的批评,但量刑反制定罪不能突破构成要件的限制,在此前提下的量刑对于定罪的反作用正是该理论的合理性所在,这种解释论意义上的量刑反制定罪并不违反罪刑法定原则。     

建立和完善突发公共事件社会心理干预机制

突发公共事件在对社会生活造成物质破坏的同时,也会严重影响公众的心理,而这种对公众心理造成的影响将会反过来恶化其不良局势。因此,建立和完善突发公共事件社会心理干预机制将是应对危机,尽快控制局势的重要手段。建立和完善突发公共事件社会心理干预机制,主要是通过明确社会心理干预机制的内涵,并借鉴国外关于建立突发公共事件社会心理干预机制的经验,重点对突发公共事件中几种典型的社会心理进行干预。同时,必须对突发公共事件中公众心理和负面情绪、突发公共事件不同阶段公众心理变化和不同社会心理状态危机传播方案调整进行深入研究。     

原则、自由裁量与依法裁判

由于原则与强自由裁量的天然关联,基于原则的裁判具有非常强的任意性。如果不对这种自由裁量进行有效的限制,那么原则裁判很容易导向恣意裁判,尤其在同规则矛盾时适用原则的举动将会引发更大的问题。目前限制原则裁判的两个主要条件即穷尽规则和个案裁量,均存在严重的理论困难,这就要求必须寻找全新的限制条件。这些新的条件主要包括:普遍性条件、比例原则以及不得违反法律体系性要求。     

英美法系醉态辩护述评

英美醉态辩护分为自愿醉态与非自愿醉态。自愿醉态通常只对特定意图的犯罪进行辩护,非自愿醉态则没有这种限制。我国对醉态下犯罪的刑事责任的认识还很肤浅,英美法系的醉态辩护值得我们借鉴。     

论新闻侵权中的公正评论原则

本文立足于我国新闻评论涉讼现状,结合法经济学的权利相互性理论和英美诽谤法,综合分析了公正评论抗辩原则的制度理念,适用规则等问题,在分析的过程中本文结合了我国民法典侵权行为编的起草现状以及司法实践中存在的对评论性文章保护不力的状况,提出了解决问题的思路及相应立法建议。     

论以人为本的执法原则

以人为本是构建和谐社会的核心,统领经济和社会发展的全局。执法与公民的利益有着最直接、最经常、最广泛的联系。在执法中,应坚持以人为本原则。具体体现在:执法应合乎人性、体现人道、彰显人文关怀、以保障和实现人权为终极目的。要落实以人为本的执法原则,必须加强对具体执法制度的建设。