Fundamental principles of the international protection system of intellectual property rights and the applications

Legal principle, which underlies the value of the legal system, is supposed to be the origin and basis of concrete legal rules. It has also resulted from abstracting and summarizing the value and spirit of these legal rules. In light of the universality and hierarchy of legal principle, the principles of the international protection system of intellectual property rights (IPR) can be divided into the following two types: one is the fundamental principles applied to the what, why and how a legal system shall be constructed, such as principles of sovereignty, equality and mutual benefit, joint development, and international cooperation, which also can be expressed as the principles of sovereignty, international coordination and cooperation, fairness and justice. The other type includes those existing in the legal system and capable of being applied directly, such as the principle of national treatment, principle of minimum standard, principle of independence (for industrial property right), principle of independent protection (for copyright), principle of compulsory implementing patent (for patent right) and doctrine of priority (for industrial property right), etc. In my opinion, the principles of the international protection system of IPR shall follow the latter model, indicating that they shall be provided and written in the international conventions on the grounds that they can be applied directly, and that they can be universally applied to the whole international protection system of IPR instead of exclusive application to one certain system. Hereupon, the author believes that principles concerning the international protection system of IPR should include the principles of national treatment, minimum protection standard and public interest.     

乐观主义、风险与法制现代化——评公丕祥《法制现代化的理论逻辑》

作为"法制现代化"论说的代表之作,《法制现代化的理论逻辑》一书存在着法制乐观主义倾向。无论其思想来源,对传统与现代性的看法,以及对人性改造的主张等,都带有乐观主义倾向。这种乐观主义的理论盲点集中体现在其忽视了对风险的认识。因此,需要检讨法制现代化的基本立场,对其注入社会危机、风险等理论元素。     

中国破产法实施的法律经济分析

从契约和产权的角度,破产法改变了企业原来的合同束,并根据新的合同束界定利益相关人对企业的产权,产权界定清楚可以激励相关人为提高破产效率去行为。这就是市场化的破产理论和实践的经济学基础。市场化的破产实施方法需要配套的制度以降低实施成本,这种制度既包括人的因素,又包括市场因素。我国破产法的实施效果,也有赖于这两个因素。     

企业改制中资产评估的法律问题探析

我国目前资产评估法律环境有待完善,资产评估相关法律体系还没有建立起来。企业改制中资产评估主要遵守的是《国有资产评估管理办法》,不能满足资产评估业发展的需要。评估法律规范实质上是法律规范在评估中的具体应用,即评估法律规范是指由国家立法机构或国家行政机关依法制定的,是评估人员必须实施的行为规则,其最终目标是调整评估法律关系。     

认定医疗过失行为的几个法则--医师的注意义务(5)

医师的过失行为本质是一种客观过失,是对医师注意义务的违反,考察医疗过失行为应合理的运用风险判断、专业判断、信赖原则来综合判断.     

巨额财产来源不明罪客观构成要件研究

研究刑法第三百九十五条第一款规定的客观构成要件是认识巨额财产来源不明罪的关键。本罪在客观方面表现为国家工作人员在被司法机关调查其明显超过合法收入的巨额财产的来源时,有义务向司法机关说明财产的真实来源而拒不履行这一说明义务,从而造成司法机关无法查明巨额财产的真实来源的行为;本罪是纯正的不作为犯,其作为义务来源于法律上规定的作为义务和先行行为引起的作为义务两个方面;本罪是结果犯,行为人的不作为造成司法机关没有能够查明巨额财产真实来源的危害结果是本罪成立的必要条件。本罪侵犯的客体是司法机关的正常活动。据此,建议在保持本罪基本内容不变的前提下进行必要的修改,使本罪的设置和适用更加科学、合理。     

商品房买卖面积争议处理

商品房买卖面积争议是商品房买卖合同纠纷的表现形式,对其进行分析和探讨,有利于商品房买卖面积争议处理更为科学合理并保证当事人权利救济途径更加顺畅。     

Intimate Partner Violence in Extremely Poor Women: Longitudinal Patterns and Risk Markers

Despite high revalence rates of intimate partner violence in the lives of extremely poor women with dependent children, few studies have investigated the patterns of violence that occur over time, and the characteristics of women that serve as risk markers for partner violence. This paper describes patterns of domestic violence longitudinally and uses multivariate analyses to delineate childhood and adult risk markers for recent intimate partner violence in this population of women. Analyses draw upon a sample of 436 homeless and extremely poor housed mothers receiving welfare, in a mid-sized city in Massachusetts with a large Hispanic population of Puerto Rican descent and relatively fewer Blacks. We found that among women with complete longitudinal data (N=280), almost two-thirds experienced intimate partner violence at some point during their adult life by the end of study follow-up, and that the abuse before and after the baseline interview was episodic and limited over time. To examine the role of individual women's factors, while controlling for partner characteristics, we used baseline data on women who had been partnered during the past year (N=336). Among childhood predictors, we found that sexual molestation contributed most significantly to adult intimate partner violence that occurred during the past year prior to the baseline interview. Adult risk markers included inadequate emotional support from non-professionals, poor self-esteem, and a partner with substance abuse problems. Having a partner with poor work history was another independent predictor of recent abuse. Ethnicity did not significantly predict whether women were abused or not during the past year, contrary to other findings reported in the literature.