四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的测量四川汉族青少年(8～20岁)人群面部中线软组织厚度,探讨其生长发育变化规律,为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法选取974例(男496,女478)头颅侧位数字X线片,分13个年龄段(8～20岁),选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量,并进行描述性统计学分析。结果四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度,在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚;男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异(P<0.05),在15岁之后差异增大,且LLI点显著差异性在9～20岁之间均存在(P<0.01)。结论四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的趋势,男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

国人头面部软组织厚度的MRI测量

用磁共振成像（MRI）方法对498例（男274，女224）中国汉族人头面部31个标志点（正中线16，侧面15）的软组织厚度分7个年龄组进行了测量。结果表明，国人（汉族）头面部软组织厚度一般随年龄增长而增厚，大约在45～59岁最厚，60岁以后又开始变薄；男女性头面部软组织厚度有性别差异，在大多数测量点男厚于女，在19个测量点中有显著性差异（0．01＜P＜0．05）。个体因素对颜面上下部软组织厚度有不同影响，下面部软组织厚度受个体因素影响较上面部大。     

四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的 测量四川汉族青少年（8—20岁）人群面部中线软组织厚度，探讨其生长发育变化规律，为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法 选取974例（男496，女478）头颅侧位数字X线片，分13个年龄段（8—20岁）。选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量，并进行描述性统计学分析。结果 四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度，在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚；男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异（P〈0．05），在15岁之后差异增大，且LU点显著差异性在9-20岁之间均存在（P〈0．01）。结论 四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的档势．男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

二维与三维测量在面部软组织厚度研究中的应用

目的 使用不同方法测量面部软组织厚度(FSTT)，为我国北方汉族成年人的颅骨面貌复原提供方法及数据支持。方法 收集123名北方汉族成年人（男性64名，女性59名）的颅面部薄层螺旋CT图像，进行三维重建并初步选取38个颅骨标志点；对所有受试者标志点的软组织厚度进行三维测量，随机选取其中50例进行二维测量；比较两种方法的测量结果是否存在显著差异，分析不同性别、年龄、BMI对面部软组织厚度的影响。结果 配对t检验显示，两种方法测量的数据相关性均> 0.7,30个标志点的差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）；多因素方差分析（MANOVA）显示，有13个和35个标志点分别在不同性别和不同BMI间的差异有统计学意义（P <0.05），仅6个标志点在不同年龄段间的差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论 不同测量方法会影响面部软组织厚度的测量结果，我国北方汉族成年人面部软组织厚度受性别和BMI影响较大，受年龄影响较小。     

人类头面部软组织厚度的测量方法

头面部软组织厚度的测量是颅骨面貌复原、颅像重合、口腔颌面正畸的基础工作。长期以来,经过各国学者的不懈努力,在对不同种族,不同时代人的研究中积累了大量头面部软组织厚度的资料[1]。由于相关学科的渗入及高新技术的应用,人类头面部软组织厚度的测量方法也已由过去的针刺法、X线法发展到超声、CT及核磁共振扫描（MRI）法等,测量的精确度明显提高,测量的标志点明显增多,测量的对象也逐渐由尸体向活体转移。现将几种主要测量方法介绍如下：呈直接测量法直接测量法的倡导者当首推Welcker。1883年,Wefeker在13具白种人成年男性…     

应用超声波检测活体头面部软组织厚度的研究

应用CTS－5型超声波诊断仪对82例中国汉族不同年龄组（18－60岁）健康男，女性头面部软组织厚度进行测量和统计，力图为国人面貌复原提供更加客观和准确的基础数据。     

头面部软组织厚度的观测报告

选用30具成尸,在头面部设34个测量点(中线上14、侧面20),测了各点软组织的厚度;观测了眼在眶中的位置、眼裂的内外径、外耳厚、上下高、前后宽及纵轴斜向前下方的角度、口裂的宽度和上下唇的厚度、外鼻的上下长,鼻底的宽,鼻尖的高和鼻孔的口径等,为面貌复原、整容、头面部软组织损伤后的整形修复提供解剖学资料。     

用常规仪器检测微小物证一例

1991年11月30日,安徽省淮南市谢家集区医院家属房发生一起入室强奸杀人案,受害人刘海燕死亡。勘查发现,死者下腹部有少量的白蜡片和一个红蜡头,白蜡片面积为2mm~2至4mm~2,厚度不足0.5mm,略有弧度;红蜡头中间呈圆柱状(直径7mm,高约2mm),两端分别呈球冠(高约2mm)及球缺状(高约2mm)。当时分析可能是民间用来药狗自制的氰化物药丸的外壳被压碎形成。因现场提取的白蜡片及红蜡头的数量很少,只能进行无损检验。笔者通过9天时间的调查,确定了现场提取的白蜡片是一种合成蜡——高白蜡,并收集了一些样品。     

CT-VRT测量西南地区汉族人胸骨柄体和与身高的相关性

目的采用CT容积再现技术(CT volume rendering technique,CT-VRT)测量西南地区汉族人胸骨柄体和,建立其与身高的回归方程。方法 160例(男、女性各80例)西南地区汉族成年体检者通过CTVRT(重建层厚1 mm)分别测量胸骨柄长和体长,二者的代数和即为柄体和。同时测量受检者真实身高,分别建立男、女性柄体和与身高的回归方程。结果分别建立了男、女性胸骨柄体和(x3)与身高(y)之间关系的一元回归方程(男性:y=135.000+2.118 x3;女性:y=120.790+2.808 x3)。两方程均具有统计学意义(P0.05),且预测准确性均为100%。结论 CT-VRT能作为胸骨指标测量的有效方法。采用CT-VRT测量的胸骨柄体和能应用于西南地区汉族人身高推算。     

中国汉族成人胸骨多项测量值与身高关系的研究

目的 研究中国汉族成人胸骨多项测量值与身高的关系,建立以胸骨推算身高的方法。方法 测量135例(男100,女35)已知身高的中国汉族成年人干燥胸骨的全长、柄长、体长、柄最大宽、柄最小宽、体最大宽、体最大厚、柄厚、柄最大厚9项指标,采用多元逐步回归分析的方法,分别求出由男性(分年龄组)和女性胸骨的多项测量值推算身高的多元回归方程式。结果 所建立的4个男性(分年龄组)和1个女性胸骨推算身高的多元回归方程式,其复相关系数(R)在0.6237～0.7350之间,标准差(s)在4.5720—7.0348之间。结论 根据人体胸骨的多项测量值可以推算其身高,准确性略低于四肢长骨的同类推算;相同身高组的男女性胸骨多项测量值均存在明显的性别差异,胸骨柄长不能作为单因素推算身高的测量指标。     

Age and sex related measurement of craniofacial soft tissue thickness and nasal profile in the Chinese population

The purpose of this study was to acquire accurate data of craniofacial soft tissue thickness (CFSTT) and nasal profile in Chinese people of Han population. A total of 31 anatomical landmarks and 4 nasal profile parameters were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 425 subjects (233 males and 192 females). In the present study, the mean CFSTT values of male subjects exceeded those of female subjects at most anatomical landmarks except at seven (22.58%) and 6 out of the 7 landmarks were bilateral anatomical landmark points. The age-related and sex × age interactions were found to be statistically significant at all landmarks. Significant differences were found in the nasal profile data of males and females, and 15 out of 20 different groups had significant differences between sexes, and the mean values of nasal length, nasal height, nasal depth and nasal breadth in males were all greater than those in females. Furthermore, both CFSTT and nasal profile showed good correlation with age. The thickest CFSTT of male and female were found at the respective ages of 45-59 and 35-44, and the nasal profile becomes more constant after 24 years of age. CFSTT of the lower part of the face shows greater variation compared to the upper part, so special care needs to be applied when reconstructing the lower portion of the face. Our data on CFSTT and nasal profile for the Chinese Xi'an Han population is important in understanding craniofacial characteristics of the Chinese population and might be potentially helpful in forensic identification.     

Does sexual dimorphism in facial soft tissue depths justify sex distinction in craniofacial identification?

Separation of male and female soft tissue depths into discrete groups for craniofacial identification implies that males and females differ enough from each other, with respect to this application, for this distinction to be useful. In this study, previously published soft tissue depth data were analyzed for sex separation. It was found that the variation within each sex was large while the variation between the sexes was small. Often the value of two standard deviations of the measurement for either sex was larger than the difference displayed between the means of each sex. Furthermore, opposite sex overlap in regions defined to be close to the male or female mean were found to be large and the amount of variance explained by sex was small (less than 6% on average). These results indicate that while male and female means at single craniofacial landmarks may differ slightly, and even at statistically significant levels, individual male and female soft tissue depths are often the same or very similar. On average, soft tissue depths of the face do display some sexual dimorphism but it is not marked and of little practical meaning for craniofacial identification where a single individual must be independently considered. Thus, there is little use in separate reporting of data for males and females and data should be combined to increase sample sizes.     

Midline facial soft tissue thickness database of Turkish population: MRI study

Facial reconstruction is the approximation of an antemortem face from human skeletal remains. Since the nineteenth century, several methods have been developed for reconstruction of the face; all of them require the measurement of average tissue thicknesses at various points on the face. To our knowledge, there are no publications on soft tissue thickness in the Turkish population. In addition, there are few publications on the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in measuring soft tissue thickness for forensic sciences. The aim of this study was to create a reference database of facial tissue thickness in the Turkish population, and to present data illustrating the successful use of MRI for this purpose. The study included 161 patients (79 males and 82 females) between the ages of 18 and 78 who had undergone brain MRI in our radiology clinic, and showed no sign of maxillofacial pathology. Measurements were taken at 9 points at the midline; glabella, nasion, end of nasals, mid-philtrum, upper lip margin, lower lip margin, chin-lip fold, mental eminence, and beneath chin points. The mean values for these points in the patient sample population were determined, and differences related to age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. The values were then compared to the findings of the Manhein study.     

Facial soft tissue thickness in skeletal type I Japanese children

Facial reconstruction techniques used in forensic anthropology require knowledge of the facial soft tissue thickness of each race if facial features are to be reconstructed correctly. If this is inaccurate, so also will be the reconstructed face. Knowledge of differences by age and sex are also required. Therefore, when unknown human skeletal remains are found, the forensic anthropologist investigates for race, sex, and age, and for other variables of relevance. Cephalometric X-ray images of living persons can help to provide this information. They give an approximately 10% enlargement from true size and can demonstrate the relationship between soft and hard tissue. In the present study, facial soft tissue thickness in Japanese children was measured at 12 anthropological points using X-ray cephalometry in order to establish a database for facial soft tissue thickness. This study of both boys and girls, aged from 6 to 18 years, follows a previous study of Japanese female children only, and focuses on facial soft tissue thickness in only one skeletal type. Sex differences in thickness of tissue were found from 12 years of age upwards. The study provides more detailed and accurate measurements than past reports of facial soft tissue thickness, and reveals the uniqueness of the Japanese child's facial profile.     

In Vivo Facial Tissue Depth for Canadian Aboriginal Children: A Case Study from Nova Scotia,Canada

This study examines facial tissue depth in Canadian Aboriginal children. Using ultrasound, measurements were taken at 19 points on the faces of 392 individuals aged 3–18 years old. The relationships between tissue thickness, age, and sex were investigated. A positive linear trend may exist between tissue thickness and age for Aboriginal females and males at multiple points. No points show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 3–8 years old; seven points show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 9–13 years old; and five points show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 14–18 years old. Comparisons were made with White Americans and African Nova Scotians. These data can assist in 3‐D facial reconstructions and aid in establishing an individual's identity. Previously, no data existed for facial tissue thickness in Canadian Aboriginal populations.     

Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Among Three Skeletal Classes in Adult Pakistani Subjects

Different facial reconstruction methods rely on the average facial soft tissue thickness values provided in previous studies. Facial soft tissue thickness is influenced by the age, sex, and ethnicity of the individual. The aim of the present study was to determine facial soft tissue thickness of adult Pakistani subjects with different facial morphology. A total of 166 subjects were categorized into three skeletal classes (based on convex, straight, or concave facial profile) employing the classification system used in orthodontics. Facial soft tissue thickness was determined at ten midline points on lateral cephalograms. Significant differences in facial soft tissue thickness were present at glabella, labrale superius, stomion, and labiomentale in males and at labrale superius, labrale inferius, labiomentale, and pogonion in females among different skeletal classes. The current study suggests that the skull morphology-related variations in facial soft tissue thickness should be considered during facial reconstruction to achieve accurate results.     

Large-scale in-vivo Caucasian facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction

A large-scale study of facial soft tissue depths of Caucasian adults was conducted. Over a 2-years period, 967 Caucasian subjects of both sexes, varying age and varying body mass index (BMI) were studied. A user-friendly and mobile ultrasound-based system was used to measure, in about 20min per subject, the soft tissue thickness at 52 facial landmarks including most of the landmarks used in previous studies. This system was previously validated on repeatability and accuracy [S. De Greef, P. Claes, W. Mollemans, M. Loubele, D. Vandermeulen, P. Suetens, G. Willems, Semi-automated ultrasound facial soft tissue depth registration: method and validation. J. Forensic Sci. 50 (2005)]. The data of 510 women and 457 men were analyzed in order to update facial soft tissue depth charts of the contemporary Caucasian adult. Tables with the average thickness values for each landmark as well as the standard deviation and range, tabulated according to gender, age and BMI are reported. In addition, for each landmark and for both sexes separately, a multiple linear regression of thickness versus age and BMI is calculated. The lateral asymmetry of the face was analysed on an initial subset of 588 subjects showing negligible differences and thus warranting the unilateral measurements of the remaining subjects. The new dataset was statistically compared to three datasets for the Caucasian adults: the traditional datasets of Rhine and Moore [J.S. Rhine, C.E. Moore, Tables of facial tissue thickness of American Caucasoids in forensic anthropology. Maxwell Museum Technical series 1 (1984)] and Helmer [R. Helmer, Sch?delidentifizierung durch elektronische bildmischung, Kriminalistik Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, 1984] together with the most recent in vivo study by Manhein et al. [M.H. Manhein, G.A. Listi, R.E. Barsley, R. Musselman, N.E. Barrow, D.H. Ubelbaker, In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for children and adults. J. Forensic Sci. 45 (2000) 48-60]. The large-scale database presented in this paper offers a denser sampling of the facial soft tissue depths of a more representative subset of the actual Caucasian population over the different age and body posture subcategories. This database can be used as an updated chart for manual and computer-based craniofacial approximation and allows more refined analyses of the possible factors affecting facial soft tissue depth.