国人头面部软组织厚度的MRI测量

用磁共振成像（MRI）方法对498例（男274，女224）中国汉族人头面部31个标志点（正中线16，侧面15）的软组织厚度分7个年龄组进行了测量。结果表明，国人（汉族）头面部软组织厚度一般随年龄增长而增厚，大约在45～59岁最厚，60岁以后又开始变薄；男女性头面部软组织厚度有性别差异，在大多数测量点男厚于女，在19个测量点中有显著性差异（0．01＜P＜0．05）。个体因素对颜面上下部软组织厚度有不同影响，下面部软组织厚度受个体因素影响较上面部大。     

中国土家族人群头面部软组织厚度的测量

目的测量中国土家族人群头面部软组织厚度。方法156名中国湖南西部土家族成年男女(男80,女76),经拍摄头面部侧位X线片,选取正中矢状面5个部位上的10个点,测量其软组织厚度,并对所得数据进行统计学处理。结果中国土家族成年人群头面部10个点的软组织厚度测量值,男性在(3.46±0.09)mm~(9.11±0.14)mm范围,女性在(3.29±0.16)mm~(9.05±0.18)mm;除鼻下点外(男性9.06mm±0.15mm,女性9.02mm±0.19mm),男女性之间各点均有显著性差异,且下面部软组织厚度较上面部大。结论土家族成年男女性头面部软组织厚度存在着性别差异和年龄差异。     

人类头面部软组织厚度的测量方法

头面部软组织厚度的测量是颅骨面貌复原、颅像重合、口腔颌面正畸的基础工作。长期以来,经过各国学者的不懈努力,在对不同种族,不同时代人的研究中积累了大量头面部软组织厚度的资料[1]。由于相关学科的渗入及高新技术的应用,人类头面部软组织厚度的测量方法也已由过去的针刺法、X线法发展到超声、CT及核磁共振扫描（MRI）法等,测量的精确度明显提高,测量的标志点明显增多,测量的对象也逐渐由尸体向活体转移。现将几种主要测量方法介绍如下：呈直接测量法直接测量法的倡导者当首推Welcker。1883年,Wefeker在13具白种人成年男性…     

创伤性远达性视网膜病变鉴定1例

1案例 1.1简要案情 华某，男，54岁，2011年7月16日在驾校内驾驶车辆时，因车辆撞击墙壁致胸部、头面部撞击方向盘，当时伤处剧烈疼痛，伴局部出血。伤后急诊入院，华某无原发昏迷，无头晕、头痛，予头面部伤口清创缝合。体格检查：意识清晰，双侧瞳孔等大等圆，对光反射正常，角膜反射存在，左眼、右眼视力正常，鼻外形正常，     

眼眶内侧壁骨折法医学鉴定4例

1案例资料 1.1案例1 简要案情 王某,男,61岁.2012年1月17日被他人用拳头打伤头面部,伤后到医院就诊.主诉:6个多小时前被他人用拳头打伤头面部,后仰碰到一辆缓慢行驶的汽车上,伤后有一过性意识障碍,持续约十余分钟,清醒后自觉头痛、头晕、伴有左眼、鼻疼痛.查体:鼻部左侧压痛,未见明显肿胀,左眼睑未见青肿,球结膜未见充血,无明显渗出,眼球各方向活动正常,视力粗测正常.当日头部及眼眶CT报告:左侧眼眶内侧壁骨折,左侧眼眶上壁骨折可能.     

从影响骨折愈合因素谈鼻区骨折的法医学鉴定

正鼻区骨折在头面部损伤案件中比较常见,由于鼻区骨质位置、形态、结构的特殊性,抗击力低下,容易重复受伤,且骨折愈合较差,因此准确判定骨折成伤时间对法医鉴定结论尤为重要。笔者通过近年来,观察的125例鼻外伤案(以鼻部外伤为主要损伤),并举1例案例,分析如下。1案例资料本组资料取自本鉴定中心2008年~2014年受理的鼻部损伤程度法医学鉴定共125例,致鼻区骨折     

鼻区骨折的法医学鉴定218例分析

表2骨折类型与致伤工具的关系伤害案件中,头面部损伤以鼻部最易受累。Mu-raoka等报道鼻骨骨折占全部面部骨折的59.3%[1]。由于鼻骨紧密相临于上颌骨额突、上颌窦壁、泪骨、额骨鼻部以及眶内壁等是共同构成外鼻的骨性支架,并突出于人的颜面部中央,因此外伤后极易造成复合骨折。这种复合骨折仅靠一般X线检查很难明确诊断,极易漏诊。1案例资料1.1一般资料资料源于本所2004年受理鉴定的鼻外伤案(以鼻部外伤为主要损伤)251例中鼻外伤后致鼻区骨折案218例,占鼻外伤案86.9%。其中男性202例(92.6%),女性16例(7.3%),最小年龄13岁,最大年龄69岁,见表1…     

人像面貌差异点在破案工作中的运用

1人像面貌自身存在差异的客观性 模拟画像主要是表现人物的头面部,包括发型、脸型、额、眉、眼、耳、口、鼻、下巴等器官。我国幅员辽阔,民族众多,各地区人像面貌存在着显著不同的差异点[1-3]。本文就皖东地区的人群作为分析对象,     

四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的测量四川汉族青少年(8～20岁)人群面部中线软组织厚度,探讨其生长发育变化规律,为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法选取974例(男496,女478)头颅侧位数字X线片,分13个年龄段(8～20岁),选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量,并进行描述性统计学分析。结果四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度,在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚;男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异(P<0.05),在15岁之后差异增大,且LLI点显著差异性在9～20岁之间均存在(P<0.01)。结论四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的趋势,男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

多形工具致伤物推断2例

头面部损伤在命案中比较常见,然而由于头面部形状的特殊性,同一种致伤物在头面部不同部位往往会出现多种形态,给推断凶器带来了较大的难度;当一种有多个作用面凶器,或者有多种凶器同时作用于头面部时,更增加了推断的复杂性。1案例案例1:某居民家发生抢劫杀人案,男主人(52岁)死亡。尸检发现死者头面部有70余处皮肤裂创,大部分创口长度在2～4cm,部分创周有表皮剥脱,创缘均较整齐,创腔深浅不一,部分深及颅骨,颅骨呈线形、舟形、楔形、三角形骨折及凹陷性粉碎性骨折;少部分创口呈圆形,创缘有表皮剥脱,创腔深及颅骨,致颅骨形成直径为0.7cm的孔状…     

辽宁地区汉族成人切牙、侧切牙、尖牙的性别差异

本文用自动显示游标卡尺，对中国辽宁地区汉族成人切牙、侧切牙、尖牙（508颗）的根长、冠长、冠宽、颈宽、冠厚及颈厚六项指标进行了测量，得到了辽宁地区汉族成人切牙、侧切牙及尖牙的这六项指标的测量值，与王惠芸的测量结果进行了比较，并阐明了切牙、侧切牙及尖牙的性别差异。     

中国北方汉族女性鼻尖位置的推定

本文对49例沈阳地区汉族女性(年龄范围为17～19岁),头面部侧位X光片上的鼻尖点及其与颅骨的相互关系进行了研究。在X光片上所测得的数据,在IBM-PC/XT电子计算机上进行多元逐步回归分析,得出推定沈阳地区汉族女性(17～19岁)鼻尖位置的回归方程。其回归误差在2mm以内的占71.43～77.55％。     

Forensic Facial Approximation: Study of the Nose in Brazilian Subjects

Forensic facial approximation is an auxiliary method for human identification and allows facial recognition. The midface, that includes the nose, is vital for the recognition of a familiar face. The purpose of this study was to set hard tissue parameters to estimate nasal width, to test the method to estimate nasal width of Brazilians, and to analyze the relationship between nasal profile and facial type. A total of 246 computed tomography scans (183 females and 63 males) of adults were analyzed in Horos. Bone tissue measurements and facial type classification were performed on the skull scan. Nasal profile morphology was accessed through the tool 3D surface rendering. There was a difference around 3 mm from real to predicted nose through the method to estimate nasal width in Brazilians. So, the method may be used in forensic practice. Straight nose was associated with long face type.     

Forensic Facial Reconstruction: Relationship Between the Alar Cartilage and Piriform Aperture

During forensic facial reconstruction, facial features may be predicted based on the parameters of the skull. This study evaluated the relationships between alar cartilage and piriform aperture and nose morphology and facial typology. Ninety‐six cone beam computed tomography images of Brazilian subjects (49 males and 47 females) were used in this study. OsiriX software was used to perform the following measurements: nasal width, distance between alar base insertion points, lower width of the piriform aperture, and upper width of the piriform aperture. Nasal width was associated with the lower width of the piriform aperture, sex, skeletal vertical pattern of the face, and age. The current study contributes to the improvement of forensic facial guides by identifying the relationships between the alar cartilages and characteristics of the biological profile of members of a population that has been little studied thus far.     

Comparability of radiographic and 3D-ultrasound measurements of facial midline tissue depths

As a second step in our three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound research on facial tissues, orthodontic patients with available lateral cephalographs (radiographs) allowing measurements of tissues along the midline of the face were recruited for ultrasound scanning. Comparison of three points on the upper lip (A-point), chin (B-point), and nose (nasion) produced differences of varying magnitude between radiographic and ultrasound measurements, with the B-point measurement being clearly affected by head orientation. Concordance was better for A-point and best for nasion. Although extension of two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound scanning of facial tissues to 3D scanning for forensic and surgical reconstructive purposes remains a worthy goal, it must be recognized that because of the differences in technique, measurements obtained from the different visualization modalities at present vary in their comparability.     

根据X线片跖趾骨长宽度推算0～17岁个体身高年龄

本文通过1607例儿童青少年跖趾骨长度和宽度与身高和年龄的相关回归分析，发现两者之间呈高度正相关，相关系数γ=0．859～0．998，相关检验和回归检验P＜0．0025～0．0005，据此分别计算出各跖趾骨长度、宽度推算身高、年龄的直线回归方程，为法医学、人类学提供了基础资料。     

Midline facial soft tissue thickness database of Turkish population: MRI study

Facial reconstruction is the approximation of an antemortem face from human skeletal remains. Since the nineteenth century, several methods have been developed for reconstruction of the face; all of them require the measurement of average tissue thicknesses at various points on the face. To our knowledge, there are no publications on soft tissue thickness in the Turkish population. In addition, there are few publications on the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in measuring soft tissue thickness for forensic sciences. The aim of this study was to create a reference database of facial tissue thickness in the Turkish population, and to present data illustrating the successful use of MRI for this purpose. The study included 161 patients (79 males and 82 females) between the ages of 18 and 78 who had undergone brain MRI in our radiology clinic, and showed no sign of maxillofacial pathology. Measurements were taken at 9 points at the midline; glabella, nasion, end of nasals, mid-philtrum, upper lip margin, lower lip margin, chin-lip fold, mental eminence, and beneath chin points. The mean values for these points in the patient sample population were determined, and differences related to age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. The values were then compared to the findings of the Manhein study.     

Computer-assisted skull identification system using video superimposition

This system consists of two main units, namely a video superimposition system and a computer-assisted skull identification system. The video superimposition system is comprised of the following five parts: a skull-positioning box having a monochrome CCD camera, a photo-stand having a color CCD camera, a video image mixing device, a TV monitor and a videotape recorder. The computer-assisted skull identification system is composed of a host computer including our original application software, a film recorder and a color printer. After the determination of the orientation and size of the skull to those of the facial photograph using the video superimposition system, the skull and facial photograph images are digitized and stored within the computer, and then both digitized images are superimposed on the monitor. For the assessment of anatomical consistency between the digitized skull and face, the distance between the landmarks and the thickness of soft tissue of the anthropometrical points are semi-automatically measured on the monitor. The wipe images facilitates the comparison of positional relationships between the digitized skull and face. The software includes the polynomial functions and Fourier harmonic analysis for evaluating the match of the outline such as the forehead and mandibular line in both the digitized images.     

山东半岛地区大学生手长足长与身高关系的研究

对山东半岛地区1000名汉族大学生的手长、足长和身高进行活体测量。经统计学处理，求出由手长、足长与身高相互推算的回归方程式。相关系数为0．51～0．66，其中男性高于女性。由手长推算身高的回归方程式较由足长推算身高的回归方程式，有较高的相关系数和较低的标准估计误差。