检验尺画字的依据和方法新探

在尺画字检案经验的基础上，引用痕迹学观点，提出：尺画方式虽然暂时强制改变了书写动作习惯，但字符形象在大脑中形成的痕迹（字符静态印象）仍决定着尺画字的结构和错写等特征．字符静态印象对书写支配作用成为尺画字检验的主要依据．寻找和确定尺画字的特殊形态结构、基本笔划之间的搭配关系以及错写等特征，是检验尺画字的主要方法．     

从一起检案看错字特征差异点

一、简要案情1996年10月，在内蒙古宁城县城关镇政府大门口等十余处，发现张贴有内容相同的复印件小字报，诽谤该镇政府干部梅某某。复印件仅完整揭取到一张，送检。二、检验到别l、检材该检材为先在16开单直线稿纸上书写，后用BS纸复印。全篇字162个，重复两次以上的字有18个，铅字两个，逗点17个，句点2个；书写水平中等，部分字故意改变字形、笔形、写法，运笔较生硬，标点间距离较大，多用逗点，书写不规范；语言流畅，用词得当，较好地反映了书写人的书写习惯。书写水平和书写能力，有一定的检验条件。2、样本一是案发前16开稿纸圆珠…     

写字机器人伪造签名字迹的鉴别

目的通过实验研究使用写字机器人伪造的签名字迹特征,减小文件检验鉴定中的错判风险。方法以真实书写字迹为模板、使用市面上主流款式的写字机器人执不同种类书写笔进行书写,通过直接观察、显微观察、反射变换成像(RTI)方法观察等方式比对手写字迹和机器人书写字迹的差异,归纳写字机器人伪造字迹的主要特征,总结出有效的检验鉴别方法。结果通过研究发现写字机器人伪造签名笔迹的特点主要有起收笔为顿压笔,笔画出现细微的抖动歪曲现象,整体笔画笔压均匀,运笔生硬无笔势等。结论目前写字机器人伪造签名字迹与真实手写字迹还有一定差异,使用反射变换成像(RTI)方法观察能达到较好的检验效果。     

本质性差异在笔迹鉴定结论推断中的应用

笔迹鉴定中有一条基本原则,即检材与样本之间如有一个本质差异存在,则其提供了排除两者同一的依据。但是,由于对本质差异存在不同理解,这一原则在实际检案中很难进行操作。文献资料表明:目前尚无对于本质差异的统一标准。当鉴定人发现检材与样本之间存在差异时,他们面临着一个难题:是排除嫌疑人?亦或仅为无法认定嫌疑人?笔迹鉴定中十分关键的是对笔迹特征的合理解释,可能导致对差异价值的不同解释的情形有以下几种:1、检材与样本之间有单一特征或字母不同;2、书写模式上存在如草书与印刷体的不同;3、检材书写笔画质量差于样本笔画质量;4、样本不充分;5、书写有伪装,导致检材和样本之间存在明显差异。     

用计算机图像扫描技术检验添加笔迹

１案例２００１年１月１０日，汉中市中级人民法院受理一起因改借条引发的民事纠纷上诉案。其手法是在原借条上“二”中间添加一横，变为“三”字，达到赖掉五万元债务的目的。２方法用计算机图象扫描仪对借条进行扫描，利用Photoshop图象处理软件进行特征强化处理（图１、２），可见该借条系同一书写工具圆珠笔书写，“三”字笔画间的连笔痕迹系圆珠笔油迹。图象检验可见：检材“三”字第一笔画，起笔整齐，行笔用力均匀，收笔转折连笔痕迹，见A处。其方向与第二笔画起笔未见对应关系；第二笔画，起笔重，行笔前重后轻，且有收笔拖痕，未…     

高位执笔悬腕书写笔迹的特点

1案件简介 2008年6月，某市公安局侦破一起恐吓信案件，恐吓信是写给市政府某位主要领导的。经侦查确定一名嫌疑对象，为某中学教师，男，40多岁。经搜集笔迹样本进行检验，既有写法、运笔趋势、连笔方向、连笔部位等方面的符合点，又有字的形体、字的运笔流利程度、搭配比例以及书写水平方面的差异。     

本质差异在笔迹鉴定结论推断中的应用

笔迹鉴定中有一条基本原则,即检材与样本之间如有一个本质差异存在,则其提供了排除两者同一的依据.但是,由于对本质差异存在不同理解,这一原则在实际检案中很难进行操作.文献资料表明目前尚无对于本质差异的统一标准.当鉴定人发现检材与样本之间存在差异时,他们面临着一个难题是排除嫌疑人?亦或仅为无法认定嫌疑人?笔迹鉴定中十分关键的是对笔迹特征的合理解释,可能导致对差异价值的不同解释的情形有以下几种1、检材与样本之间有单一特征或字母不同;2、书写模式上存在如草书与印刷体的不同;3、检材书写笔画质量差于样本笔画质量;4、样本不充分;5、书写有伪装,导致检材和样本之间存在明显差异.     

一起尺画字迹的检验

“尺画字”就是借助直尺等硬性工具书写的字迹。有的案犯为了扰乱侦查、逃避打击 ,常利用这种伪装手段进行作案。笔者受理了一宗用“尺画字”进行恐吓勒索案件 ,检验情况介绍如下。2 0 0 2年 2月 7日 ,梁某收到一封勒索数万元钱财的信件。受理案件后 ,首先对勒索信件信封和内容观察、分析 ,发现除个别笔划外其字迹的基本笔划呈笔直状 ,推断案犯是用直尺类工具书写该勒索信件 (即为“尺画字”)。通常个人书写习惯包括三个方面的因素 :一是书写运动系统。它是通过自动化的方式将储存于头脑中的有关文字符号外化为笔迹的执行系统 ;二是文字符号…     

冒领银行存款笔迹的鉴定

归纳35起冒领银行存款案件,发现这类案件的笔迹鉴定有以下特点:1.检材少,一般为2-3字,字迹多数无伪装。2.由于大多情况下书写姿势与日常书写姿势有所不同,因而易出现与日常书写特征之间的差异。3.由于使用银行提供的蘸水钢笔等,与日常使用的书写工具不同,从而也使检材特征与样本特征之间出现差异。4.案犯在储蓄所取款时,往往因心理紧张和环境影响,易在书写过程中出现快慢不一、抖动或顿笔等现象。5.检材均为复印件或照件,从而使原有的一些笔迹特征因复印机及照相的条件限制变得模糊不清。     

书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹检验

目的研究书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹的检验方法。方法通过实例研究分析成年人笔迹变化的特点和原因,确定笔迹性质和检验方法。结果书写习惯未定型也是成年人笔迹变化的重要原因。书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹是成年人正常笔迹的例外,适用正常笔迹检验方法。结论本研究确立了检材笔迹与样本笔迹非本质差异的判断标准,适用于短时间内变化较大的成年人笔迹的同一认定。     

浅谈左手书写者左右手笔迹的特点及变化规律

目的为左手书写者左手笔迹及右手笔迹的检验鉴定提供参考依据。方法收集左手书写者的左手正常笔迹和其右手笔迹,进行比对检验和实验数据统计分析。探讨左手书写者左手笔迹和右手笔迹的特点及变化规律。将左手书写者的左、右手笔迹的特点和变化规律与右手书写者的右、左手笔迹的特点和变化规律进行比较。结果左手书写者的左手笔迹和右手笔迹在笔顺、写法、错别字等特征上保持稳定。结论左手书写者的笔迹检验应结合其左手笔迹和右手笔迹的特点和变化规律,并注意其与右手书写者的右手笔迹和左手笔迹的特点和变化规律的区别与联系。     

万用表测量字迹电阻方法的初步研究

目的介绍一种鉴定添加变造黑色笔迹的新方法—万用表测量字迹电阻法。方法用万用表的探针测量字迹笔画的电阻值数值,根据数值的大小范围来判断字迹是否存在添加变造。结果该方法简便快速,不破坏原件,不受检测条件及环境的限制,成本低,效率高,便于广泛推广应用。结论凡是可测出电阻值数值的,证明书写色料中的成份是以碳黑为主,凡电阻值为正无穷大时,证明书写色料中不含碳黑,而是由多种色料拼色而成的,从而可分析判断字迹是否被添加变造。     

光谱成像检验同种同色涂抹掩盖字迹研究

目的建立一种无损、灵敏、直观的同种同色涂抹掩盖字迹的显现方法。方法依据涂抹掩盖字迹油墨物质的同色异谱特征,利用可见光滤波型多光谱成像检验系统进行检验。结果黑色圆珠笔、蓝色圆珠笔、黑色签字笔和蓝色签字笔相互涂抹掩盖形成的同种同色涂抹掩盖样本,利用可见光滤波型多光谱成像检验系统进行检验,显效率分别为90.5%、69.1%、49.5%、78.6%,显现效果良好。结论多光谱成像技术可以显现同种同色涂抹掩盖字迹,且具有良好的显现效果。     

Simulation Detection in Handwritten Documents by Forensic Document Examiners

This study documents the results of a controlled experiment designed to quantify the abilities of forensic document examiners (FDEs) and laypersons to detect simulations in handwritten documents. Nineteen professional FDEs and 26 laypersons (typical of a jury pool) were asked to inspect test packages that contained six (6) known handwritten documents written by the same person and two (2) questioned handwritten documents. Each questioned document was either written by the person who wrote the known documents, or written by a different person who tried to simulate the writing of the person who wrote the known document. The error rates of the FDEs were smaller than those of the laypersons when detecting simulations in the questioned documents. Among other findings, the FDEs never labeled a questioned document that was written by the same person who wrote the known documents as “simulation.” There was a significant statistical difference between the responses of the FDEs and layperson for documents without simulations.     

检材指纹与样本指纹变化的分析研究

目的 依据数理统计所得出的数据分析检材指纹与样本指纹的变化规律;方法 通过在检材指纹与其相对应的样本指纹上建立直角坐标系,得到各细节特征的坐标参数;再利用数理统计分析两者相对应的各细节特征变化的形成原因及规律;结果 得出捺印时手指作用力方向的变化导致检材指纹与样本指纹细节特征之间产生距离差,手指的扭转变化使两者细节特征产生角度差;结论 两者之间的变化是由于捺印时手指作用力方向不同、大小不同所导致.     

Initials: A question of identity

It has been a generally accepted practice among document examiners to request known handwriting standards which duplicate the questioned material under examination.When initials are questioned it is not always possible to have initials duplicated and known signatures are sometimes substituted.A research study was conducted using a sample of 65 writers to determine if the letters in a group of initials were written in the same manner as the capital letters in a signature. The study showed that 69% of the writers in the sample made one or more changes or additions to their initials which were not present when they wrote their signatures.     

Identification of tiny and thin smears of automotive paint following a traffic accident

Three complementary methods in the order of stereomicroscopy, micro-FT-IR spectroscopy and solubility tests were used for the purpose of matching known and questioned paint samples in an auto accident case. Grayish green paint smears scattered on a silvery gray coated plastic bar were taken from a blue car and referred to as questioned samples. Green paint chips were collected as known samples from a green car. These were analyzed to determine whether the paint smears found in the blue car could have been the transfers from the green car. Although each of the three methods, when used alone, suffered from unequal bases for making comparison (i.e., layering whole paint vs. smeared paint), insufficient specificity of methodology and the interfering background coating beneath the smeared paint, the limitations were significantly relieved when three methods were used in combination. Based on the results presented in this report, the questioned grayish green paint smears collected from the blue car and the known green paint chips from the green car are of the same class of paint; that is, the possibility of the above stated paint transfers cannot be eliminated.     

Differences in Handwritings of Schizophrenia Patients and Examination of the Change after Treatment

The aim of this study was to analyze the differences between the handwritings of schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects in addition to the changes that occurred in schizophrenia patients' handwriting in response to the treatment. The test subjects were 29 schizophrenia patients and 29 healthy individuals with the same age, gender, and dominant hand. The changes in the handwritings were examined according to 14 different parameters. On the day of admittance, the percentage of extra letters was 16.7%, and after 7–10 days of hospitalization, it rose to 33.3%. The percentage of skipped words decreased from 29.2% to 16.7% after 7–10 days of hospitalization, and to 10% after 3 weeks. The letters written by schizophrenia patients are significantly larger in height and width compared to the control group. The schizophrenia patients showed a higher incidence of crossed-out letters, adding extra words, missing punctuation as well as missing words.     

门字框笔顺的判断方法

通过实验研究门字框笔顺判断的科学方法，收集155份实验笔迹样本，由书写人报告样本字中门字框的笔顺。分析门字框的笔迹形态与规范笔顺、通用笔顺的关系，发现点笔搭配位置，竖笔和点笔的收笔动向可以作为判断笔顺的可靠依据，根据点笔位置、竖笔和点笔收笔动向的规律，得出了门字框规范笔顺和通用笔顺的判断规则。     

笔迹特征的统计分析

目的探讨笔迹鉴定的客观标准。方法采用统计分析的方法对笔迹特征的性质、种类极其鉴定价值进行研究,对笔迹特征进行分类。结果探讨了笔迹特征鉴定价值的规律。结论对笔迹鉴定的标准化研究具有一定的意义。