关于行政授权若干问题的探析

完善行政授权理论,对建设和谐政府,乃至构建社会主义和谐社会都有重要的意义。本文分析了行政授权的内涵,法律、法规授权组织的法律地位,行政授权的有效条件及其责任归属等几个行政授权理论的基本问题,并据此提出一些完善行政授权理论的建议。     

计算机网络犯罪规制中的“未经授权”与“超越授权”——中美比较研究

件和基础是行为人未经授权或超越授权访问计算机网络。中美两国在规制计算机网络犯罪的访问行为上都有关于“未经授权”和“超越授权”的规定,对比两国立法和司法条文以及法院判解,我国规定的“未经授权”和“超越授权”只是概念式存在,司法解释没有予以定义,司法实践也未形成明确认定标准。科学借鉴美国立法和司法经验,结合中国实际完善我国规定的“未经授权”与“超越授权”:以程序编码设限作为判断计算机访问未经授权的标准;“超越授权”是指行为人在获得授权使用计算机时,利用这一授权使用的机会去获取计算机信息系统中的数据或控制计算机信息系统,但行为人的数据获取或控制行为并没有得到授权。     

Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS); mental health services--Department of Defense. Final rule

This final rule establishes a mandatory preadmission authorization program for mental health services under CHAMPUS. Such a program is needed to promote quality assurance and contain rapidly increasingly costs in inpatient psychiatric care under CHAMPUS. By maintaining most of the procedures of the current voluntary preadmission authorization program, the final rule minimizes inconveniences for providers.     

Nature Protection and the Introduction into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms: Risk Analysis in EC Multilevel Governance

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are usually introduced into the environment through experimental releases or extensive cultivation. The risks involved are controlled via both the authorization for deliberate release and the authorization for the placing on the market of a GMO. In these two steps, the core issues of legal protection are public health and the environment. GMO-free agriculture has been introduced as a third – economic – protected good. This has triggered coexistence measures keeping GM and non-GM agriculture separated. Given the fact that much has already been said about risks of GMOs to human health, this article will rather focus on the environmental dimension, and more precisely on aspects of nature protection. It will accordingly explore whether nature is adequately protected through the authorization for the release and the authorization for the market placement of GMOs. While these questions concern regimes aiming at preventing environmental damage, co-existence, if related to natural ecosystems (rather than to the protection of a variety of agriculture), raises the question of whether ecosystems can be considered as protectable goods even if no traditional damage is caused.     

立法授权原则探析

立法授权应遵循必要性原则和明确性原则。必要性原则要求立法机关在立法授权时必须充分考虑授权立法的存在条件是否具备 ,采取授权立法是否符合社会需要 ,能否降低所规范社会事务的重要程度 ,能否影响有关法律制度的协调一致性。明确性原则要求立法授权时 ,必须明确指明授权目的、理由、内容、范围、时限、审批备案制度等 ,应遵循一事一授的原则 ,避免成批授权或者一揽子授权 ,并应合理正当地使用不确定法律概念     

非对称信息与企业家授权

在利益多元化的条件下 ,信息是非对称的。对企业家的授权存在着两类非对称信息现象。对企业家的授权可以引入非对称信息条件下的激励理论。主要的激励手段是建立健全企业家市场、产品市场和资本市场。     

Hazardous waste management program: phase I interim authorization for Nebraska--Environmental Protection Agency, region VII. Phase I interim authorization

The State of Nebraska has applied for interim authorization of its hazardous waste program under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and EPA guidelines for the approval of State hazardous waste programs [40 CFR Part 123]. EPA has determined that the State's program meets all applicable statutory and regulatory requirements and is granting Phase I interim authorization to Nebraska to operate in its jurisdiction a hazardous waste program in lieu of Phase I of the Federal hazardous waste program.     

行政审批与矿业权转让合同的效力

关于行政审批与矿业权转让合同效力的关系,存在绑定与区分两种技术路线,由此关于未经行政审批之矿业权转让合同的效力状态,存有＂合同无效说＂、＂合同未生效说＂和＂合同有效说＂三种不同的立场。基于合同效力与合同履行相分离的既定选择,国家管制矿业权变动应当从否定矿业权转让合同的效力转向控制矿业权的实际变动,也即未经行政审批的矿业权转让合同亦为有效合同。在政策选择上,应当采用行政审批与矿业权转让合同效力区分的立法政策;在技术构成上,可以利用违约责任的承担与免除机制调整当事各方的利益关系。     

Court sets aside immigration employment authorization containing HIV-related job restrictions

In an order issued on 30 May 2003, the Federal Court-Trial Division set aside an employment authorization that prohibited an HIV-positive man from working in childcare, primary and secondary school teaching, health services, and agriculture. The court directed immigration medical officers to decide whether a new medical examination is required. This is a significant case for HIV-positive immigrants and refugees who are required to hold an employment authorization if they intend to work in Canada while their applications for permanent residence are decided, a process that can take years.     

国有资产所有权的代表与授权行使

国有资产所有权的代表与授权行使是我国国有资产法立法的核心内容之一，其关键问题在于“代表”与“授权”所具有的法律意义。国有资产所有权代表和授权行使的法律架构应为：国务院及地方政府代表国家行使国家所有权即对国家出资企业的出资人权利：国务院国有资产监督管理机构和地方人民政府按照国务院规定设立的国有资监督管理机构依法代表本级政府对国家出资企业行使出资人权利。     

Revised federal allotments to states for social services expenditure pursuant to Title XX--Social Services Block Grant Act; promulgation for fiscal year 1985--HHS

The FY 1985 Federal allotments of $2.6 billion to States for social services under Section 2003 of the Social Security Act (Act) which were published in the Federal Register on October 27, 1983 (48 FR 49697) were based upon the authorization set forth in Section 2003 of the Act at the time they were prepared. Pub. L. 98-135, enacted October 24, 1983, amended Section 2003 of the Act by increasing the authorization to $2.7 billion for Fiscal Year 1984 and each succeeding fiscal year. Accordingly, the initial promulgation is rescinded and the promulgation as revised is set forth in the table below. These allotments are contingent upon Congressional appropriations actions for the year. If the Congress enacts, and the President approves, an amount different from the authorization, the allotments will be adjusted proportionately.     

Federal allotments to states for social services expenditures pursuant to the Title XX-Social Services Block Grant Act; promulgation for fiscal year 1985--HHS

This issuance sets forth the individual allotments to States for Fiscal Year 1985 pursuant to Title XX of the Social Security Act, as amended. The allotments to the States published herein are based upon the authorization set forth in Section 2003 of the Act and are contingent upon congressional appropriations actions for the fiscal year. If the Congress enacts and the President approves an amount different from the authorization, the allotments would be adjusted proportionately.     

Federal allotments to states for social services expenditures pursuant to the Title XX-Social Services Block Grant Act; promulgation for fiscal year 1984-HHS. Notification of allocation of Title XX

This issuance sets forth the individual allotments to States for Fiscal Year 1984 pursuant to Title XX of the Social Security Act, as amended. The allotments to the States published herein are based upon the authorization set forth in Section 2003 of the Act and are contingent upon congressional appropriations actions for the fiscal year. If the Congress enacts and the President approves an amount different from the authorization, the allotments would be adjusted proportionately.     

台湾地区大学自治和法律保留之关系

大学自治和法律保留的关系在台湾地区一直充满争议,这种争议源于制度保障说和授权说之间的冲突,前者将自治权视为宪法上的分权而不从属于法律,后者则要求严格适用法律保留,要解决冲突不能仅仅以制度保障说来代替授权说,还需要控制法律对大学事务的规范密度。台湾地区的经验和教训对推动大陆大学法治建设具有重要借鉴意义。     

“应当首先满足业主需要”的规范性质探究————《物权法》第74条第1款的解释论

《物权法》第74条第1款的规范性质不同于任意性规范，其不是对合同当事人的意思表示的解释或者补充，也不同于授权第三人规范，所涉及的利益不是特定第三人的利益，而是业主群体的利益，同时也得不出赋予业主撤销权的解释结论。按照强制性规范所规范的三种领域而言，《物权法》第74条第1款应当属于强制性规范，且属于其中的效力性强制规范。违反此种具体强制性规范的后果，须结合《合同法》第52条第5项的规定，当属无效。     

国际法视野下的单边人道主义干涉

只有在联合国的批准或授权下,或经被干涉国的邀请,国际社会才能对发生于一国的人道主义灾难实施人道主义干涉。而西方大国越来越倾向于擅自以人道主义的名义武力介入他国。这种单边的人道主义干涉多是某些国家实现一己私利的工具,从未成为国际习惯,也违反《联合国宪章》,因此是违反国际法的。而联合国现行的体制无法有效发挥在制止人道主义灾难方面应有的作用,使大国有了擅行干涉的口实。为此,应完善联合国的人道主义干涉体制。     

Guidelines for police undercover work: New questions about accreditation and the emphasis of procedure over authorization

A survey of the 100 largest police departments in the United States was conducted to document the experience of police undercover operations and the existence of agency guidelines. Eighty-nine agencies responded, revealing that all 89 conduct undercover activities but only 64 have guidelines for such operations. Types of crimes investigated by police undercover operations, reasons for having or not having guidelines, and regional analyses are offered. One finding is that police undercover guidelines emphasize either procedure or authorization in undercover police work. Of the departments that have guidelines, more emphasize procedure (“how to”) than authorization (“when to”). Questions about this dichotomy and the impact of national accreditation standards are raised for future research.     

医疗机构擅自开展计划生育手术涉及的法律问题探讨

通过对一起公立医疗机构擅自开展计划生育手术案的法律适用及所涉及的违法主体处罚问题进行分析探讨，针对本案调查处理存在的问题提出相应建议，为此类案件如何准确地适用法律提供参考。     

有罪还是无罪?——相对不起诉的法律悖论与实践缺陷

刑事诉讼法一方面规定了无罪推定原则,规定任何人未经人民法院判决不得被认定有罪,另一方面又通过具体条款的规定,授予人民检察院相对不起诉的职权,而相对不起诉决定本身又以被告人的行为构成犯罪为前提,造成了刑事诉讼法的原则与具体条款之间的矛盾与悖论。同时,这种矛盾给司法实践造成了一定的困难与混乱。应当通过立法取消人民检察院相对不起诉的职权,将认定行为人的行为构成犯罪的职权完整地赋予人民法院,消除刑事诉讼法基本原则与具体条款之间的矛盾与冲突。在刑事诉讼法修改以前,应采取相应措施保障被相对不起诉人的权利。     

Use of personal sampling devices during inspection--Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Final rule

This document amends 29 CFR 1903.7 to expressly authorize compliance officers to use personal sampling devices and to attach such devices to employees during the conduct of workplace inspections. This amendment is necessitated by conflicting judicial decisions as to whether the present regulation provides sufficient authorization for OSHA to use personal sampling devices.