论检察机关职务犯罪侦查权制约机制的重构

现行检察机关职务犯罪侦查监督机制对于职务犯罪侦查工作起到了一定的监督作用．其缺陷主要表现在：监督法律规范的欠缺性、监督范围的狭窄性、监督效果的有限性、上级监督的形式性和外部监督的软弱性等方面。改革和完善我国职务犯罪侦查监督机制的目标是建立具有中国特色的职务犯罪侦查监督机制。职务犯罪侦查权制约监督机制包括内部制约监督机制和外部制约监督机制。     

论职务犯罪侦查监督机制的改革与完善

改革和完善职务犯罪侦查监督机制有利于保障实体公正和程序公正。改革和完善职务犯罪侦查监督机制要符合中国国情,符合现代刑事司法准则,要以司法公正、高效为根本目标,要兼收并蓄、博采众长。完善我国职务犯罪侦查监督的制度可通过下列途径:完善非法证据排除规则;恰当规定犯罪嫌疑人的沉默权;强化律师在侦查阶段的实质性介入;建立有中国特色的"三元令状主义";加强内部制约工作机制。     

职务犯罪侦查监督制约机制研究——兼论职务犯罪侦查机制的创新

由于职务犯罪主体的特殊性,决定了其侦查机制和监督机制不同于一般的刑事案件。本文从职务犯罪侦查监督机制的历史沿革以及我国职务犯罪侦查监督制约机制的现状等方面来入手分析,探求如何来健全职务犯罪侦查监督制约机制,以便能充分发挥监督机制应有的作用,保障检察院自侦案件侦查工作的顺利进行。同时,有效解决职务犯罪侦查的监督问题,离不开对职务犯罪侦查的分析,并通过二者的相互关系来论证职务犯罪侦查监督机制改革的合理性。当然,一项制度的改进需要从不同的层面来综合考虑,本文对职务犯罪侦查监督机制的研究结合了我国当前的实际国情,在现有制度的基础上提出了一些创新的设想,希望能为我国职务犯罪侦查监督机制的改革提供有益参考。     

职务犯罪侦查监督制约机制探究

职务犯罪侦查权是法律监督权的重要内容,检察机关拥有的这一权力具有合法性与正当性。但目前职务犯罪侦查权在运行中还存在这样那样的问题,其原因主要在于监督制约机制存在着缺陷,即外部监督不到位和内部制约乏力。为此,应当在合法性、公正性和符合规律性等价值基础上,对职务犯罪侦查监督制约机制予以改革和完善。     

检察机关法律监督职能的完善

监督对于职务犯罪侦查工作来说,是一道必不可少的程序。对这一块的改革,要坚持内部监督与外部监督相结合,改革体制与加强管理相结合,标本兼治。本文首先阐述了检察机关法律监督存在的问题,其次,从建立和完善内部监督制约机制;通过查办职务犯罪履行法律监督职责;对法院的审判活动的监督等方面就检察机关法律监督职能的完善进行了探讨,具有一定的参考价值。     

论职务犯罪侦查监督

职务犯罪侦查监督,是检察机关依法对职务犯罪侦查活动进行监督,保证职务犯罪侦查活动严格依法进行的法律制度。在职务犯罪侦查监督体制中,监督制约的重点是要保证职务犯罪侦查权的合法行使。     

论检察机关内部侦查监督机制

目前，虽然在检察机关内部设立有法纪监察等监督部门，但监督的效果甚微，加之部门内部利益观念的驱动，很难形成真正有效的监督。为此，笔者认为，应逐步建立检察机关内部侦查监督机制，具体构想是：一、监督主体侦查监督主体是指侦查监督权的享有者和侦查监督行为的实施者。从目前司法实践状况看，检察机关的侦查监督不管是外部还是内部监督均由法纪监督部门负责，但随着检察机关内部侦查监督的发展，任务将愈来愈繁重，因此，有必要在检察机关内部单独建立一个有权威的专门的执法监督机构作为监督主体，负责侦查监督工作，使之专业化、单…     

侦查监督制度的功能定位与重构——兼论侦查程序中被害人的权利保护

侦查活动对于刑事诉讼目标的实现具有基础性意义,为防止违法侦查行为侵犯犯罪嫌疑人和被害人的权利,妨害案件事实的查明,侦查监督不可或缺。现行侦查监督制度存在着监督范围不够全面、监督效果不佳、监督渠道单一等问题,在加强和完善检察机关的侦查监督的同时,应强化侦查程序中被害人的权利保护,实现以权利制约权力,与检察监督相互补充,共同实现侦查监督的目标。     

基层侦监部门在职务犯罪决定逮捕权上移后如何加强对职务犯罪的监督与制约

检察机关自侦案件逮捕权上提一级,是最高人民检察院为切实解决职务犯罪侦查过程中出现的一些违法违规办案现象而在近期推出的又一项重要改革举措。但由于现有人员素质、力量、思想观念、办案制度、工作机制等还存在与之不相应的地方,应当强化对自侦案件监督的观念。建立统一指导协调的职务犯罪侦查和侦查监督工作机制。充分发挥职务犯罪逮捕决定权上提一级后的制度优势。     

侦查监督与协作配合机制的运行难题及对策

T市侦查监督与协作配合机制运行实践显示，近年来侦查监督整体成效较好，但仍存在检警关系不均衡、监督机制运行不畅、监督刚性不足、侦查监督与协作配合办公室作用发挥不到位、保障机制不完善等问题。完善侦查监督与协作配合机制，要构建检察机关主导的新型检警关系，完善引导侦查机制，增强监督刚性，充分发挥侦查监督与协作配合办公室作用，健全保障机制。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.