浅析新《专利法》第63条第2款

我国2000年8月25日新修订<专利法>对原1992年<专利法>第62条进行了部分修正,将原<专利法>第62条第2项作出的“使用或者销售不知道是未经专利权人许可而制造并售出的专利产品的“行为“不视为侵犯专利权“的规定修订为新<专利法>第63条第2款的规定--“为生产经营目的使用或者销售不知道是未经专利权人许可而制造并售出的专利产品或者依照专利方法直接获得的产品,能证明其产品合法来源的,不承担赔偿责任“.笔者试对该规定加以释评,以求教于大方.……     

什么是专利制度中的先用权？

问:什么是专利制度中的先用权? 答:专利法第六十三条规定:"在专利申请日前已经制造相同产品、使用相同方法或者已经作好制造、使用的必要准备,并且仅在原有范围内继续制造、使用的"行为不视为专利侵权行为.该行为人享有的这种权利一般称为"先用权",该行为人一般被称作先用人.先用权是一种抗辩权,它是对专利权的一种限制.     

我国专利先用权制度实施的困境与立法完善

专利先用权是在单一性原则和先申请原则的情况下,为弥补先申请制的不足,权衡多方利益而产生的.它是与专利权并存的一种独立权利,在对专利权限制同时,平衡了先用权人、专利权人、公共利益三者之间的利益关系.在全面阐述我国专利先用权制度现状的情况下,试图提出完善构想,也为我国《专利法》和《专利法实施细则》的修改提出一些意见.     

关于先用权“原有范围”的再思考 ──兼对“量化标准”提出质疑

随着申请在先原则已成为国际 上一项通行原则,先用权已被大多数国家的专利立法所确认。如德国专利法第12条、英国1977年专利法第64条、日本特许法(专利法)第79条、瑞士联邦发明专利法第35条、瑞典专利法第4条均规定,先用权是限制专利权行使的一种例外情况,是一种可以与专利权相对抗的一项民事权利,先用权的行使不构成对专利权的侵犯。我国专利法第62条第3款规定“在专利申请日前已经制造相同产品、使用相同方法或者已经作好制造、使用的必要准备,并且仅在原有范围内继续制造、使用的,不视为侵犯专利权。”在先用权的成立条件上,我国及世界上…     

中国海上保险法律的修改

本文借鉴国外经验,就我国<海商法>中海上保险法律的修改,结合最高法院司法解释进行了评析,并对<海商法>修订的基本原则及其中一些重要问题提出了自己的看法.     

先用权之学理展开与制度完善

先用权是专利法和商业秘密法的交叉点,它承载着三重相竞争的利益:先用权人继续实施发明的利益、专利权人获得有限的排他权以收回科研投入成本和获取利润的利益、传播发明和鼓励创新的公共利益。我国专利法应当对先用权获取要件、先用权范围和先用权的转让等规定进行修改,以实现这三种利益的平衡以体现法律的公平效率理念。     

浅谈我国婚仪民俗与结婚制度改革

对现行<婚姻法>的修改,对<婚姻家庭法>的立法,社会各阶层对有些问题争论的很激烈,但有的问题还没有引起足够的重视.本文通过对婚仪民俗的历史回顾与现状考察,指出民俗是制订、修改婚姻法所必须面对的一个现实,进而提出修改结婚制度的建议.     

论先用权中“必要准备”成立的标准

作为判定专利技术先用权成立要件之一的“必要准备”,其成立的条件一直存在着争议,焦点在于“必要准备”成立是否需要全部完成技术准备和生产准备.为此,《最高人民法院关于审理侵犯专利权纠纷案件应用法律若干问题的解释》第15条第二款对此进行了详细规定.然而该款在逻辑上却存在着漏洞,导致在实务中容易引起先用权的滥用.在此,从“必要准备”成立的条件与“必要准备”之间的逻辑关系进行讨论,并提出对第15条第二款修改的建议.     

论占有权利推定对不动产上占有的适用--评《中国物权法草案建议稿》第419条

<中国物权法草案建议稿>(以下简称<建议稿>)①规定应当办理登记的财产权利上不适用占有权利推定.而从占有制度之价值在现代社会对物的事实支配秩序之维护看,此种规定是不合适的,不利于此价值的实现.从登记权利人、占有人利益及社会公共利益衡量,从不动产上权利推定与登记效力的关系,以及比较法的有关规定分析,均不支持<建议稿>的规定.应修改<建议稿>的规定,使占有权利推定适用于一切财产权利.     

医疗纠纷司法鉴定的法律问题探讨

医疗事故技术鉴定的法律依据是<医疗事故处理条例>,其法律渊源为行政法规;而医疗纠纷司法鉴定的法律依据是民事诉讼法律及其司法解释,其法律渊源为民事基本法律.二者的法律渊源不同,后者的效力高于前者;二者的性质不同,前者为行政程序的鉴定,后者为诉讼程序的鉴定.人民法院在审理医疗纠纷的民事案件中,启动并进行医疗纠纷司法鉴定是民事诉讼法律及其司法解释所赋予的司法权,行政权不得干涉.<最高人民法院关于参照〈医疗事故处理条例〉审理医疗纠纷民事案件的通知>意在规范<医疗事故处理条例>颁布后人民法院的司法行为,有其进步的一面,但同时也存在诸多的缺陷.     

Multiculturalism and the Willingness of Citizens to Defer to Law and to Legal Authorities

A key problem in trying to manage diverse societies is finding social policies that will be acceptable to all individuals and groups. Studies suggest that this problem may not be as intractable as is often believed, since people's acceptance of policies is shaped to an important degree by the fairness of the procedures used by authorities to make policy. When policies are fairly made, they gain widespread support, even among those who may feel that the consequences of the policy for them or their group are undesirable or even unfair. These findings support an optimistic view of the ability of authorities to manage diverse societies. On the other hand, research suggests that the ability of procedural justice to bridge differences among individuals and groups may not be equally strong under all conditions. People's willingness to accept policies is more influenced by procedural justice judgments when they identify with the society that the authorities represent and view them as representing a group of which they are members. They are less influenced by procedural justice judgments when they identify more strongly with subgroups than with society and/or view the authorities as representatives of a group to which they do not belong.     

Reflexive Adaptation of Business to Regulation and Regulation to Business

Regulatory change is driven by competitive struggle. Regulatees struggle with each other for customers and with regulators to lessen the burden of the rules being enforced. Regulators compete for regulatees and for the confidence of customers and the general public.
Competition among regulators is imperfect. Along with better rules, new entrants must offer reputational capital, financial strength, and recognized enforcement powers. These entry requirements have supported a secular expansion of government suppliers relative to private suppliers. Principal-agent conflicts inherent in representative democracy establish incentives for this expanding sector to produce regulatory services of poor quality. Finding ways to make top government regulators economically accountable for acts of misregulation is a critical problem.     

Study of the adhesion of explosive residues to the finger and transfer to clothing and luggage

It is important to understand the extent of transfer of explosive particles to different surfaces in order to better evaluate potential cross-contamination by explosives in crowded security controls such as those at airports. This work investigated the transfer of nine explosive residues (ANFO, dynamite, black powder, TNT, HMTD, PETN, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃, NaClO₃) through fingerprints from one surface to another. First, the extent of adhesion of explosive residues from different surfaces to the bare finger, nitrile and latex gloves was studied. Then, the transfer of explosive residues from one surface to another through fingerprints was investigated. Cotton fabric (hereinafter referred to as cotton) as clothing material and polycarbonate plastic (hereinafter referred to as polycarbonate) as luggage material were chosen for the experiments. These surfaces containing explosive particles were imaged using a reflex camera before and after the particles were transferred. Afterwards the images were processed in MATLAB where pixels corresponding to explosive residues were quantified. Results demonstrated that transfer of explosive residues frequently occurred with certain differences among materials. Generally, the amount of explosive particles adhered to the finger decreased in the following order: skin>latex>nitrile, while the transfer of particles from the finger to another surface was the opposite. The adhesion of explosive residues from polycarbonate to the finger was found to be better compared to cotton, while the amount of particles transferred to cotton was higher.     

论促进和保护受教育权的国际标准

从现有国际人权法渊源中确立促进和保护受教育权的国际标准可谓构成国际人权法的新发展 ,而从国际人权上对受教育权作出识别是确定上述标准的前提。本文根据有关受教育权的主要国际文件的统一化进程并结合国际社会的实践将受教育权归类为基本教育权、初等教育权、中等教育权、高等教育权和教育选择权 ,并依据一系列国际文件对世界各国促进和保护受教育权的义务性安排建立起国际社会促进和保护各类受教育权的国际标准模型 ,同时揭示了上述国际标准模型在适用过程中的特性。     

期租中租家付租义务与停租权利关系刍议

针对期租租家支付租金义务和停租权利的矛盾,结合判例法与实务的发展动态,通过对合同条文、判例、学理的比较分析,论证支付租金是租家的一项绝对义务,停租只是该义务的例外情形,据此进一步提出,租家在行使停租权利时必须全面理解标准条款的种种限制,而要扩大停租条款的适用范围,只能从期租合同的性质和商业风险分配原则出发,彻底修改现有停租条款,而不是在合同解释上别出心裁。     

从传统走向现代：社会保障权司法救济的检省与矫正

社会保障权是社会保障法的核心,是现代社会的一项基本人权,其本质是社会权。有权利就应当有救济,其中司法救济又是权利救济途径中最权威、最行之有效的方式,是保障公民社会保障权利恒久不易的追求。由于社会保障权的特殊性质,传统的民事和行政救济体系已不能适应社会保障争议的需要,打破传统的普通诉讼程序,借鉴国外成熟经验,完善和创设符合社会保障权特征的现代的特殊司法救济机制已成为必然之选。