26例冠状动脉肌桥法医病理学研究

人或某些动物冠状动脉主干某一段有时穿行于心肌纤维中,这段被心肌纤维覆盖的血管称壁冠状动脉(muralcoronaryartery,MC),而被覆血管的心肌束称为冠状动脉肌桥(myocardialbridge,MB),冠状动脉肌桥影响心脏的血液动力学,可导致胸痛、心率失常,甚至猝死等[1-4],有关冠状动脉肌桥病理学的研究报道较少,本文对我们尸检中的26例冠状动脉肌桥进行法医病理学研究报道。1资料与方法资料来源于我院1988年1月～2001年12月尸检档案中750例死亡案例,其中冠状动脉肌桥26例,每一案例均有完整的临床资料及案情资料,进行了系统尸检,每例尸检均在死后24小时…     

猝死与冠状动脉肌桥

冠状动脉肌桥临床上的表现,血管造影,诊断以及治疗得到医生的普遍认可,但在导致猝死尚还没有引起法医同仁的注意。通过复习相关的文献。本文主要对冠状动脉肌桥的研究状况、致死机制以及由此引起猝死的病理特点等进行阐述。     

猝死与冠状动脉肌桥

冠状动脉肌桥临床上的表现，血管造影，诊断以及治疗得到医生的普遍认可，但在导致猝死尚还没有引起法医同仁的注意。通过复习相关的文献，本文主要对冠状动脉肌桥的研究状况、致死机制以及由此引起猝死的病理特点等进行阐述。     

冠心病猝死的病理学研究——附128例尸检分析

本文报道128例冠心病猝死的法医病理学研究结果。其中冠脉病变4级63例,3级26例,2级29例。3级以上病变者斑块分布多较广泛。各支病变中以左前降支最常见。并发新鲜血栓形成者18例,斑块内出血17例,急性心肌梗死仅2例。36例冠脉斑块有炎性细胞浸润。56例见心肌间质纤维化或小灶疤痕形成。指出虽然我国冠心病发病率较低,但仍是猝死最常见的原因,尤以中壮年男性多见;多数病例无明显诱因而于睡眠中猝死。对冠心病猝死发生的特点、冠脉和心肌病变及病理诊断等进行了分析讨论。     

先天性冠状动脉心腔瘘睡眠中猝死一例

<正> 先天性冠状动脉心腔瘘(简称冠脉瘘)是一种罕见的心血管畸形,国内外文献报道不多,在睡眠中猝死亦未见报道,笔者曾遇到一例,现报道如下。男,42岁,干部。晚23时左右外出回家,自觉胸部闷痛,呕吐约300ml 胃内食物后入睡,次日清晨7时左右其女呼叫不应发现已死。死时两手握拳,呈俯卧位。     

浅谈脑血管畸形致猝死的法医学鉴定

引起猝死的第一大原因是心血管系统的疾病 ,其次是脑血管畸形。脑血管畸形破裂引起蛛网膜下腔出血 (ＳＡＨ)是导致猝死的主要机制。先天性血管畸形导致死亡的原因常见于蛛网膜下腔出血或脑室积血 ,或血凝块压迫延髓而死亡。充分了解脑血管畸形的病理学特征及分布规律 ,抓住鉴定中应注意的问题 ,对实际鉴定工作有很大帮助。一、脑血管畸形的类型和病理变化脑血管畸形属于非真性肿瘤型血管性肿瘤 ,是胚胎残留血管网的畸形发展。大致有以下 5种情形 :1.毛细血管扩张症 :最好发部位是桥脑正中缝 ,其次是大脑导水管区及大脑皮质和白质区。具有遗…     

冠心病合并冠状动脉血栓猝死的法医病理学特征

目的探讨冠心病合并冠状动脉血栓形成导致猝死的法医学特征。方法收集96例因冠心病而猝死的案例,并将其分为血栓形成组与无血栓形成组,对发病时间、诱因、病理特征等方面进行分析。结果两组都以男性为主,在季节和时间节律分布、诱因构成上差异无统计学意义,但血栓形成组中年龄〈40岁发病率更高;血栓形成组的心脏质量和冠脉狭窄程度低于无血栓形成组,而两组冠脉粥样硬化累及的支数（≥2）、累及长度及合并心梗等指标差异均无统计学意义,但血栓形成组有低于无血栓形成组的趋势。结论两组人群都以男性为主且发病诱因、冠脉病变部位及致死机制相似,但血栓形成组的发病年龄较轻,心脏的病变程度较低,法医学解剖中当认真鉴别。     

青壮年猝死综合征心肌肌红蛋白缺失的免疫组化研究

作者应用免疫组比技术（ＡＢＣ）对青壮年淬死综合征及对照组病例的心肌肌红：蛋白缺失情况进行了研究，并经扫描显微镜光度计测量分析，结果发现青壮年猝死综合征组心肌肉肌红蛋白均有不同程度的缺失，多数病例呈多发、散在、节段性分布，而对照组无明显缺失。认为这种多发、散在、节段性的肌红蛋白缺失与其仅有不同程度的心肌缺血而未出现大片心肌梗死有关，而这种不同程度的心肌缺血很可能为冠状动脉痉挛所致。     

3例冠状动脉肌桥与急死尸检材料

<正> 冠状动脉肌桥(Coronary Artery Myocardial Bridging)是指跨越冠状动脉表面的心肌纤维束。传统观点认为,这是少数人的正常解剖变异。近年来,法医病理学和病理学的报告认为,冠状动脉肌桥是引起人体急死的原因之一。     

罕见的先天性心血管畸形引起猝死一例

<正> 先天性心血管畸形引起猝死案例较少见。本文报告一例由于复杂的先天性心血管畸形引起猝死,其畸形方式奇异,国内外文献尚未见报导,现报告如下。病历摘要男性,3个月,既往“健康民”。1988年10月13日上午10时在某防疫站接种白     

Sudden Cardiac Death in a Young Man with Migraine-associated Arrhythmia

A 31-year-old man with migraine-induced syncope and bradycardia with subsequent pacemaker implantation died unexpectedly. Clinically unsuspected cardiac anomalies were found at autopsy including myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending artery and shelf-like coronary artery ostia. Nortriptyline was identified by toxicologic analysis. A review of the autopsy findings, the historical information, and the effects of the possible arrhythmogenic circumstances is undertaken and the potential contributions to the death are discussed. Cardiac arrhythmias have been documented during migraines. Coronary artery bridging has been known to lead to ischemia and infarction, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death; however, these are very rare sequelae. Congenital coronary artery anomalies have been linked to sudden cardiac death, but only rarely cause death in people younger than 31 years. Migraines and the autopsy findings described have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. Altogether, they led to the unexpected death of this young man.     

Sudden Death Caused by Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Artery During Exercise

Anomalous origin of the coronary artery (AOCA) is a rare, but important cause of sudden cardiac death among young athletes. Nine autopsy cases (8 male, 1 female; mean age, 17.9 years; age range, 11–31 years) of sudden death during or just after exercise caused by AOCA were reviewed. The exercises performed at the time of death were running (4 cases), soccer (2 cases), and baseball, swimming and kendo (Japanese swordsmanship) (1 case each). In 6 cases, the left coronary artery arose from the right sinus of Valsalva, and in 3, the right coronary artery from the left sinus. The coronary arteries passed between the pulmonary artery and the aorta with an acute angle takeoff from the orifice. Three cases had cardiovascular manifestations prior to death. In cases with cardiovascular manifestations, novel imaging methods should be considered to prevent sudden death.     

118例心源性猝死分析

心源性猝死(sudden cardiac death,SCD)在成人猝死的死因中占首位,本文对1998-2005年陕西地区发生的118例SCD案例进行统计分析,结果显示男性是女性的5.9倍,其中冠心病占55.1%,心肌炎占17.8%,心肌病占9.3%,先天性心脏病、瓣膜病、主动脉夹层瘤破裂各占2.5%,其他疾病占4.5%。说明SCD多发于男性,冠心病仍是SCD的主要基础疾病,心肌炎是青少年SCD的主要原因,心肌病是青壮年SCD的危险因素,无结构异常的心脏病也同样严重威胁生命健康。     

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Case Report and Literature Review

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. It occurs most commonly in otherwise healthy women during pregnancy or the postpartum period. The true incidence of SCAD is underestimated, as most cases are diagnosed at autopsy. The pathophysiology of SCAD is still not fully understood, and its management can be challenging. This report describes a 35‐year‐old pregnant female who presented with an acute antero‐lateral ST elevation secondary to spontaneous dissection of the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery. The diagnosis was established by coronary artery angiography. However, the patient died following cardiac tamponade. The examination of this case represented a starting point for the reviewing of the diagnosis, clinical course, and management of SCAD, and for the placing of this in context with the existing literature. This study highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and subsequent lifesaving treatment.     

Is there progress in the autopsy diagnosis of sudden unexpected death in adults?

Sudden death is now currently described as natural unexpected death occurring within 1h of new symptoms. Most studies on the subject focused on cardiac causes of death because most of the cases are related to cardiovascular disease, especially coronary artery disease. The incidence of sudden death varies largely as a function of coronary heart disease prevalence and is underestimated. Although cardiac causes are the leading cause of sudden death, the exact incidence of the other causes is not well established because in some countries, many sudden deaths are not autopsied. Many risk factors of sudden cardiac death are identified: age, gender, heredity factors such as malignant mutations, left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricle function impairment. The role of the police surgeon in the investigation of sudden death is very important. This investigation requires the interrogation of witnesses and of the family members of the deceased. The interrogation of physicians of the rescue team who attempted resuscitation is also useful. Recent symptoms before death and past medical history must be searched. Other sudden deaths in the family must be noted. The distinction between sudden death at rest and during effort is very important because some lethal arrhythmia are triggered by catecholamines during stressful activity. The type of drugs taken by the deceased may indicate a particular disease linked with sudden death. Sudden death in the young always requires systematic forensic autopsy performed by at least one forensic pathologist. According to recent autopsy studies, coronary artery disease is still the major cause of death in people aged more than 35 years. Cardiomyopathies are more frequently encountered in people aged less than 35 years. The most frequent cardiomyopathy revealed by sudden death is now arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy also known simply as right ventricular cardiomyopathy (RVC). The postmortem diagnosis of cardiomyopathies is very important because the family of the deceased will need counseling and the first-degree relatives may undergo a possible screening to prevent other sudden deaths. In each case of sudden death, one important duty of the forensic pathologist is to inform the family of all autopsy results within 1 month after the autopsy. Most of the recent progress in autopsy diagnosis of sudden unexpected death in the adults comes from molecular biology, especially in case of sudden death without significant morphological anomalies. Searching mutations linked with functional cardiac pathology such as long-QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome or idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is now the best way in order to explain such sudden death. Moreover, new syndromes have been described by cardiologists, such as short-QT syndrome and revealed in some cases by a sudden death. Molecular biology is now needed when limits of morphological diagnosis have been reached.     

Left Ventricular Aneurysm: Sudden Unexpected Deaths in a 29‐Year‐Old Man

Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is an abnormal dilated heart structure, either congenital or acquired. LVA is a rare cardiac condition with no symptoms in most cases, thus occasionally diagnosed during investigations of other diseases. Its association with certain cardiac complications and sudden cardiac deaths has been reported. However, its role as a cause of sudden unexpected death is rare. The author reported a sudden cardiac death in a 29‐year‐old man with LVA. Without a significant coronary artery disease and known etiologies of LVA, such an abnormal heart structure in the present case was considered congenital LVA. As no other possible mechanisms of death could be identified other than LVA with its associated pathologic lesions, mural thrombi, and dilated cardiomegaly, his death was attributable to fatal cardiac arrhythmia (most commonly ventricular tachycardia) secondary to LVA.     

Cardiac rupture due to severe fatty infiltration in the right ventricular wall

An extremely rare case of sudden death caused by cardiac rupture due to severe fatty infiltration in the right ventricular myocardium is presented. The patient, a 74-year-old woman, had no history of chest trauma, hypertension, or pulmonary disease. The autopsy showed a small tear in the right ventricle and cardiac tamponade, but no coronary artery lesion. In the right ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers were definitely atrophic or absent, with massive fatty replacement. Fatty infiltration of the myocardium, if severe, can be a cause of serious cardiac dysfunction or, occasionally, sudden death.     

Is right coronary artery hypoplasia and sudden death an underdiagnosed association?

Determining whether hypoplasia of a coronary artery has caused or contributed to death is often complicated by an absence of histologic evidence of myocardial ischemia in the area of the heart supplied by the affected artery and also by the lack of data for assessing coronary artery size at autopsy. A 45-year-old woman is reported who collapsed and died and who was found at autopsy to have a dominant, small-caliber, right coronary artery, with acute and chronic ischemic changes in the posterior interventricular septum supplied by the diminutive vessel. This case provides evidence that small-caliber coronary arteries may be associated with a lethal outcome. Given the difficulties that may occur in determining whether there is a causal link between small coronary artery caliber and death, it is possible that this may be an underdiagnosed cause of sudden cardiac death, rather than a coincidental finding of minimal significance.     

Impact of Myocardial Infarction and Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction System on Sudden Cardiac DeathCSCD

Sudden cardiac death (SCD), most commonly seen in coronary heart disease, is a kind of sudden death caused by series of cardiac parameters, which usually combines with myocardial infarction. However, some SCDs (including early myocardial infarction) happen suddenly and cause death in a very short time. In these circumstances, typical morphological changes are lack in macroscopic or microscopic fields, which make such SCDs become the emphasis and difficulty in the present research. SCD caused by myocardial infarction and abnormalities of cardiac conduction system (CCS) is related to atherosclerosis of coronary artery closely. This paper reviews cardiac dysfunction caused by myocardial infarction and diseases of CCS from morphology and molecular biology, and explores potential relationship between them. This paper aims to provide clues to the mechanism of myocardial infarction related sudden death and possible assistance for forensic diagnosis of SCD. © 2017 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

Association of right coronary artery hypoplasia with sudden death in an eleven-year-old child

Congenital coronary artery abnormalities are a rare but well-documented cause of sudden and unexpected death in the pediatric age group. Most reported cases involve both an aberrant origin and course of the abnormal vessel. A case of unexpected death occurring in an otherwise healthy eleven-year-old boy, who had been previously investigated for sudden collapse, is described. The major finding at autopsy was marked disparity in diameter between the coronary arteries due to diffuse hypoplasia of the right coronary artery. This case demonstrates the importance of meticulous examination of the coronary artery system in cases of sudden death in childhood so that significant reduction in luminal cross section will be adequately documented. The possible role played by this finding in the etiology of sudden death is discussed.