论律师费用的损害赔偿

在我国民事诉讼中,胜诉当事人聘请律师的费用可否向败诉方要求赔偿,法律目前无明确规定。本文拟从国外与我国台湾司法判例及学说、我国目前司法实践及建立律师赔偿制度的必要性、律师费用赔偿的性质、构成要件等方面对此问题作以探讨,以期有利于我国律师费用赔偿制度的早日建立。     

亲子鉴定结论在亲子关系诉讼实务中的定位

目前,我国的亲子鉴定正处于一个方兴未艾的时期,亲子关系纷争的日益增多加之DNA鉴定技术的不断发展进步,作为依托于DNA科学鉴定技术之上的亲子鉴定越来越得到广泛认可及信赖。首先分析我国目前亲子鉴定结论在诉讼实务中的定位以及存在的问题,同时结合美国及日本对于亲子鉴定结论对亲子关系纷争中的作用和相关规定及实务进行梳理分析,对我国亲子鉴定结论在诉讼实务中的定位提出自己的观点。     

我国农村养老保障问题研究

目前我国老龄化的问题在某种程度上是农村人口的老龄化问题.我国养老问题的重点和难点在农村,因此解决好农村的养老保障问题任重而道远.本文将着重结合目前我国的新型农村养老保险、农村五保供养、农村低保及农村养老服务来分析我国目前农村养老保障的水平,并提出提高社会养老保障水平的几点建议.     

论书面证言及其运用

我国刑事诉讼中的证人证言目前基本上是书面证言形态。普遍应用书面证言违背了言词诉讼原则,损害了诉讼的客观性与正当性。但书面证言使用也有一定的外部必要性及内部(本身)可用性。各国及地区以不同方式设置限制书面证言及允许例外使用的规则,近年来我国台湾的经验尤其值得我们注意。我国目前的书面证言使用具有应用普遍、功能多样、证明力强以及公权信赖等特点。     

浅论缺失的住房保障法

本文从社会保障立法入手,分析了我国住房保障法的缺失,进而阐释了目前我国制定住房保障法的现实可能性及意义,最终提出了我国住房保障法体系建设的基本内容。     

域外及台湾地区检察官选任、晋升标准的比较分析

目前,我国的检察官选任及晋升制度还很不完善,制约和影响着检察官队伍的优化和素质的提高。本文从检察制度角度,通过对德、法、日三国及我国台湾地区检察官选任及晋升制度的分析,探讨其检察官选任及晋升标准的异同,以期对构建和完善我国检察官的选任和晋升制度提供有益借鉴。     

浅析旅游合同的概念及法律性质

由于我国目前尚无统一的旅游合同立法,所以学界对旅游合同的概念及法律性质有颇多争议,该文将在对已有立法例及学说进行对比分析的基础上,去探讨适合我国国情的旅游合同的概念及法律性质。     

土地利用规划的法制研究

土地利用规划是国家管理控制土地的一种行政行为。本文通过介绍土地利用规划的概念及原则目标,分析了目前我国土地规划中存在的实际问题,在此基础上提出了完善我国土地规划法制的建议,以期对我国土地资源的合理利用及保护能有所助益。     

刑讯逼供的成因及防范对策

目前在我国,由于受封建特权思想的影响及我国相关法律制度的不完善,刑讯逼供还大量存在着,对社会造成了严重的危害,因此,有必要通过完善相关的法律制度及提高司法队伍的法律素质及来预防和减少它。     

指导·监督·制约·配合——论我国的检侦关系及其重构

本文从我国检侦关系的本质着手,指出我国目前检侦关系问题之所在,在分析缺陷及成因的基础上提出合理、高效检侦关系之重构。     

宪法性法律的性质界定

宪法性法律是法律而不是宪法 ,它们与其它法律一样都是对宪法的“规则化” ,但又与其它法律明显不同 :宪法性法律是“宪法”法 ,是“国家”法 ,是“权力”法和“权利”法。它们通过将宪法内容具体化、程序化来保障宪法。我国的宪法性法律在数量上和质量上都有欠缺 ,这是我国宪法不能有效实施的重要原因之一     

西方法官职业的历史构建

法官的产生是由统治者（国王）渡让权力的结果。法官自设立之时起，就与正义联系在一起。由于各民族的特点不同，法官产生的路径是不一样的：既有从全社会中民主选举产生的，也有仅从贵族中民主选举产生的。早期的法官其实并非“官”，其在社会上的地位甚至排不上官僚的序列；早期的法官也不是由专家来担任的。司法腐败似乎是随司法权的产生而产生的。由选举产生法官的目的是为了防止腐败；而以任命的方式、以个人品德来产生法官的目的也是为了防止法官腐败，结果都没能制止司法的腐败。法官职业与其它职业一样，是社会分工和制度文明进步的必然产物。不同的政体性质也决定了法官的形式。司法的最终目的是为了保障司法独立。     

Exposure to Property Crime as a Consequence of Poverty

This paper investigates whether and why the poor are more exposed to property crime than are the non‐poor, despite the reasonable assumption that poor people lack or have little valuable property that can be stolen. If poor people are more exposed to property crime than those who are not poor, there are needs for explanations. The paper investigates two plausible reasons: the significance of the neighbourhood character and routine activities. The results in the paper indicates that poor people are more exposed to property crimes related to the residence, independent of neighbourhood character and routine activities, while exposure to property crimes related to vehicles depends more on the family situation and age than on poverty per se. When it comes to other kinds of property crime, poor people do not seem to be more exposed than do the nonpoor. That poor people are more exposed to property crime related to their residence, and that there are problem areas explaining why, is worrisome. Those who are poor are often vulnerable to other social problems that tend to exclude them from ordinary living patterns. To find out the relation between poverty and exposure to property crimes related to residence is of importance for crime prevention and probably an important step to prevent those who are poor from being further excluded from society.     

伤残评定标准及赔偿方式的比较研究

目的比较目前司法实践中常用的伤残评定标准及赔偿方式,以揭示目前我国人身伤害民事赔偿中存在的现实问题。方法时目前司法实践中常用的工伤标准、交通标准、普通伤害标准三大标准的内容进行比较;对与上述三大标准相对应的赔偿方式进行比较。结果（1）就标准的内容来看：三大标准中伤残条款的设立、级剐有显著的区别,同种损伤依据不同的标准评定,其伤残评定结果差异明显,“同伤不同残”现象较为普遍。（2）就标准的宽严尺度来看：工伤标准宽泛,门槛低,级别评定较高;而交通、普通伤害两个标准严格．门槛高,较轻的损伤不易评定为残疾。（3）就标准的架构来看：工伤标准、普通伤害标准在架构上严谨;而交通标准不够严谨,分级过于简单且涵盖内容不全。（4）就标准的强制力来看,交通标准为国家强制标准,级别最高．工伤标准其次,为国家推荐标准。普通人身伤害标准级别最低,目前尚无全国统一的标准;有的省适用自制标准（如江苏、北京）,有的省适用工伤标准,有的省适用交通标准,其效力常常遭到质疑。（5）就三种损伤类型的赔偿体系来看：赔偿方式各不相同,赔偿额差距显著,“同伤不同价”现象突出。因为目前全国没有统一的普通人身伤害标准．地方对伤残标准及赔偿方式的应用极为混乱,有的地方以宽松的残疾标准（如工伤标准）评定伤残,再配以目前普通伤害案件宽松的赔偿方式,其结果是赔偿额大幅增加,造成明显的司法不公。结论上述问题的解决应从伤残评定的医学标准着手,目前急需制定一部适用于普通伤害的残疾评定标准,这样可以确保在每一赔偿体系中,均存在与其相配套的医学评定标准,以避免因鉴定标准的不同引发的司法不公。     

Modeling the longitudinal impact of legal sanctions on narcotics use and property crime

Structural equation models are used to confirm the suppressive effects of legal sanctions, e.g., probation and parole, on narcotics use and property crime. Both concurrent and longitudinal effects of legal sanctions are tested within two different models, which together span the entire addiction career. The findings indicate that (1) the suppressive effects of legal sanctions are evident only when legal sanctions are operationalized as parole or probation officer contact where urine monitoring is utilized; (2) only concurrent suppressive effects are statistically significant, and longitudinal suppressive effects are not; (3) both narcotics use and property crime are suppressed by legal sanctions, although the latter is less responsive than the former to intervention by the criminal justice system; and (4) suppressive effects tend to be more pronounced later in the addiction career. The significance of the findings and the implications for criminological theory related to issues regarding surveillance effects are emphasized.     

Randomized experiments as the bronze standard

In this paper, the strengths and weakneses of randomized field experiments are discussed. Although it seems to be common knowledge that random assignment balances experimental and control groups on all confounders, other features of randomized field experiments are somewhat less appreciated. These include the role of random assignment in statistical inference and representations of the mechanisms by which the treatment has its impact. Randomized experiments also have important limitations and are subject to the fidelity with which they are implemented. In the end, randomized field experiments are still the best way to estimate causal effects, but are a considerable distance from perfection.     

BITING ONCE,TWICE: THE INFLUENCE OF PRIOR ON SUBSEQUENT CRIME LOCATION CHOICE

Properties, victims, and locations previously targeted by offenders have an increased risk of being targeted again within a short time period. It has been suggested that often the same offenders are involved in these repeated events and, thus, that offenders’ prior crime location choices influence their subsequent crime location choices. This article examines repeated crime location choices, testing the hypothesis that offenders are more likely to commit a crime in an area they previously targeted than in areas they did not target before. Unique data from four different data sources are used to study the crime location choices of 3,666 offenders who committed 12,639 offenses. The results indicate that prior crime locations strongly influence subsequent crime location choices. The effects of prior crime locations are larger if the crimes are frequent, if they are recent, if they are nearby, and if they are the same type of crime.     

UNIFIED FAMILY COURTS

Fragmented court systems are especially problematic for domestic violence victims because they typically are involved in more than one proceeding that stems from the same pattern of abuse. The proceedings are handled in different courts and before different judges, who are often unaware of these orders being issued in other proceedings. Consequently, conflicting orders are prevalent and the protection and needs of victims are often not met. A unified family court, on the other hand, provides one court with the subject-matter jurisdiction to handle all family-related matters and one judge to hear all cases that involve a single family, resulting in conflicting orders being issued less frequently. Additionally, the needs of victims are better served as a result of the services component. Given the fragmented state of the court systems in New York and Pennsylvania, United States; Alberta, Canada; and Australia, unified family courts should be implemented in each locality.     

Trends and Developments in Program Evaluation in General and Criminal Justice Programs in Particular

The paper first describes general trends in evaluation in (mainly) western societies. Why is evaluation growing, what are the characteristics of this ‘growth industry’ and what developments are occurring outside western societies? Trends in the evaluation of criminal justice programs in the USA, the UK and the Netherlands are then discussed. Two important developments are therafter highlighted: experimental evaluations and theory-driven evaluations. Both approaches are discussed, and some pros and cons are listed. Finally, the paper outlines some challenges for future work in the evaluation of criminal justice programs, stressing the importance of combining good designs with both program and social science theories.     

论犯罪构成与犯罪阻却事由的关系

从刑事立法角度而言 ,犯罪阻却事由与犯罪构成是基于同一虚拟事实所设定的具有不同内容要求的法律规范形式 ,两者是一种并列关系 ;从刑事司法角度而言 ,犯罪构成与犯罪阻却事由是基于同一事实而引用的具有不同价值取向的价值评价体系 ,两者是一种基础与上层的关系