禽流感H9亚型油乳剂灭活疫苗的改进

用新引进的 6株禽流感病毒 (AIV )H9亚型和现制苗用的AIV H9毒株分别制备AIV H9、AIV H5、NDV二联三价油乳剂灭活疫苗 ,免疫 5日龄和 10日龄雏鸡 ,于免疫当日直至 80日龄鸡出栏期间定期采血 ,用HI法检测相应的AIV H9、AIV H5和NDV抗体。结果表明 ,10日龄免疫鸡的AIV H9抗体效价最高 ,5日龄和 10日龄免疫鸡的AIV H5抗体效价差别不明显 ;用引进的 3号AIV H9毒株制备的联苗对 10日龄雏鸡免疫后 2 0d产生AIV H9保护性抗体 ,一直持续到 80日龄以上 ,期间的抗体平均效价为 6 .72 (lb) ,而现制苗用的AIV H9毒株制备的联苗免疫力较差 ;现制苗用的AIV H5毒株制备的联苗免疫效力仍较好 ;分别接种 0 .2 5、0 .30mL/只联苗的雏鸡AIV H5抗体效价没有明显差别 ,而AIV H9抗体效价以接种 0 .30mL/只剂量的为高 ;不同日龄、不同免疫剂量的试验鸡NDV抗体效价没有明显差异。     

亚硒酸钠对禽流感灭活疫苗免疫效果的促进作用

在禽流感病毒 (AIV)H9N2油乳剂灭活疫苗中分别按每头份疫苗加亚硒酸钠 0、0 .0 5、0 .10、0 .2 0、0 .4 0mg ,分别免疫 7日龄AIV疫苗非免疫鸡。免疫后不同时间 ,各含亚硒酸钠疫苗组鸡的HI抗体水平均高于不含硒疫苗组 ,以含亚硒酸钠 0 .2 0mg/头份组鸡的抗体上升快、达高峰值时间早、维持高抗体水平时间长。经对免疫鸡的红细胞免疫花环 (RBC C3bRR)促进率及抑制率测定 ,表明亚硒酸钠能显著提高试验鸡的红细胞免疫花环促进率 ,而红细胞免疫花环抑制率变化各组差异不明显 ,以含亚硒酸钠 0 .2 0mg/头份组的作用最好。     

禽流感重组禽痘病毒疫苗不同途径及剂量接种的免疫效力

将表达禽流感病毒 (AIV)H5HA和N1NA基因的重组禽痘病毒 (rFPV HA NA)以不同剂量分别经翅下刺种、肌肉注射、皮下注射、点眼及滴鼻途径接种于 4周龄SPF鸡。结果 ,该疫苗经翅下刺种、肌肉注射和皮下注射途径接种的SPF鸡 ,能够诱导其产生血凝抑制 (HI)抗体 ;用10 0LD50 的HPAIVA/Goose/Guangdong/ 1/ 96 (H5N1)毒株攻击后 ,免疫鸡无一发病和死亡 ,免疫保护率为 10 0 %。以点眼和滴鼻途径免疫的SPF鸡 ,大剂量接种能够诱导产生一定水平的抗体 ,攻毒后的保护率分别为 83.3%、6 6 .7% ;而小剂量接种则不产生免疫反应 ,保护率为 0。表明rFPV HA NA疫苗只有经翅下刺种、肌肉注射和皮下注射途径接种 ,才能够诱导机体产生高水平的免疫力。     

重组鸡痘病毒首免与灭活疫苗加强免疫对高致病性禽流感免疫效果的影响

用表达H5亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA与NA基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV)rFPV-12LSH5NA对10日龄带有H5亚型AIV母源抗体的商品鸡进行了首次免疫,17日龄时再用H5亚型AIV全病毒灭活疫苗加强免疫.免疫鸡分为2个批次,分别在24和31日龄用H5亚型AIV进行致死性攻击.在24日龄攻毒组中,rFPV首免与全病毒灭活疫苗加强免疫组的死亡比例(0/17)显著低于17日龄全病毒灭活疫苗单独免疫组(16/17).在31日龄攻毒组中,rFPV首免与全病毒灭活疫苗加强免疫组的死亡比例(0/17)显著低于10日龄rFPV单独免疫组(6/17).结果显示,在鸡群普遍存在针对H5亚型AIV母源抗体的情况下,rFPV首免与全病毒灭活疫苗配合使用能使鸡体快速建立坚强的免疫保护反应,是一种非常有效的免疫策略.     

鸡IFN-γ重组鸡痘病毒对鸡传染性腔上囊炎MB43弱毒疫苗免疫鸡免疫应答的影响

将重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-IFN-γ)与IBD MB43弱毒疫苗联合接种SPF鸡,研究重组鸡IFN-γ对IBD疫苗免疫效果的影响.结果显示,rFPV-IFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组(MB43+rFPV-IFN-γ)及rIFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组(MB43+rIFN-γ)在免疫后第2周即可检出ELISA抗体,比MB43疫苗单独免疫组早1周.用IBDV Gx株攻击后,MB43+rFPV-IFN-γ组和MB43+rIFN-γ组免疫鸡的脾只有个别淋巴细胞核浓缩、核崩解,少数滤泡萎缩变性坏死;胸腺损伤程度轻于MB43疫苗单独免疫组和非免疫对照组.免疫后1周,3个免疫组外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞含量均显著高于非免疫对照组,CD4+T淋巴细胞含量变化不明显;攻毒后第2周,3个疫苗免疫组CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞含量均显著升高,各组之间CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞含量无明显差异.证实,rFPV-IFN-γ和rIFN-γ可加强疫苗的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答.     

禽流感二价抗原油乳剂灭活疫苗的研制

以禽流感病毒(AIV)H5N4株、H7N3株为抗原研制了H5N4-H7N3二价油乳剂灭活疫苗,并对其物理性状、安全性、免疫效力、保存期及抗体消长规律进行了检测.结果表明,试验鸡疫苗在免疫后3周到9个月内对AIV-H5N4的攻击均获全部保护.疫苗4℃保存15个月,其免疫效力没有下降.     

鸡毒霉形体油乳剂灭活苗对实验攻毒蛋用鸡产蛋量的影响

将30只20周龄鸡毒霉形体(MG)阴性的蛋用种鸡分为4组,攻毒前Ⅰ组于颈部皮下接种2次油乳剂灭活苗;Ⅱ组免疫接种1次;Ⅲ组于攻毒后1周免疫接种1次;C组不接种疫苗,为对照组.4组鸡均在29周龄时攻击MG致病株BG44T.攻毒后通过7周观察,发现3个免疫组鸡的产蛋量下降率均明显低于对照组.攻毒后第7周剖杀Ⅰ组和对照组的全部鸡进行MG的分离培养,结果从对照组鸡的气管、肺和气囊中均分离到了MG,而Ⅰ组仅在气管和肺中分离到MG.2组鸡的输卵管中均未分离到MG.     

鸡新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫效果的研究

本试验根据国内外学者的有关研究,自制了鸡新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗(简称油苗),油苗与Ⅱ系或Ⅳ系弱毒疫苗同时应用于带母源抗体的1日龄雏鸡,较好地克服了母源抗体的干扰,获得了理想的免疫效果。Ⅱ系 油苗组免疫后60日龄内,Ⅳ系 油苗组免疫后90日龄内,HI抗体效价在4 log_2 X以上,攻毒保护率为100％;Ⅱ系 油苗组免疫后90日龄,HI效价为3 log2 X,攻毒保护率为80％,其免疫效果远远高于油苗单独免疫及Ⅱ系疫苗对1日龄或9日龄雏鸡的免疫。在农村推广应用油苗与弱毒疫苗同时免疫孵坊内的1日龄雏鸡,可避免雏鸡因母源抗体水平高低悬殊而造成的单用弱毒疫苗的初免失败,又克服了在7～15日龄时,鸡己分散到千家万户,使免疫很难进行的缺点。既提高了免疫密度,又提高了免疫效果。油苗对经免青年鸡及成年鸡的免疫,其HI抗体效价高于Ⅰ系弱毒疫苗免疫鸡3～4个倍比滴度,且能在较长时间内处于高免疫水平状态。免疫后390天,HI效价还在4 1og_2X以上,攻毒保护率100％。疫苗原胚液经4～40倍稀释后制成油苗,免疫鸡仍能达到或超过Ⅰ系疫苗的免疫水平。     

重组鸡痘病毒表达的鸡IL-1β和IL-2以及cMGF对新城疫LaSota疫苗免疫效果的影响

将128只10日龄SPF鸡随机分成8组,每只免疫1 PD_(50)的新城疫LaSota疫苗；同时Ⅰ～Ⅵ组鸡分别皮下注射不同剂量的重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-IL-1β、rFPV-IL-2或cMGF,而Ⅶ组和Ⅷ组鸡分别皮下注射鸡痘病毒wt-FPV和PBS作为阴性对照和空白对照。结果,重组鸡痘病毒表达的IL-1β、IL-2或cMGF可以消除鸡痘病毒在免疫后第7d对雏鸡体重增长的影响；一定剂量的IL-1β和IL-2可使鸡脾中CD4~ T细胞在免疫后第7d和CD8~ T细胞在免疫后第14d的总体水平提高；免疫第21d新城疫F48E8强毒攻毒后,一定剂量的IL-1β和IL-2能提高免疫保护率,而cMGF却无此作用。结果表明,重组鸡痘病毒表达的IL-1β和IL-2在一定剂量下可增强新城疫LaSota疫苗的免疫效果。     

表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白的三种重组腺病毒在兔体上的免疫效力比较

为了筛选1株免疫效果好的候选猪瘟疫苗,在家兔模型上对表达猪瘟病毒E2基因的3种重组腺病毒(rAdV-E2、rAdV-optiE2和rAdV-E2UL49)进行了免疫效力评价,从抗体、攻毒后产生定型热反应以及兔脾中病毒载量等几个方面进行了比较。结果显示,rAdV-E2UL49免疫组(n=5)在免疫后第2周,3只家兔产生了特异性的猪瘟抗体,免疫后第4周,所有免疫家兔的抗体阻断率均达到了70%;相比之下,rAdV-E2和rAdV-optiE2免疫组(n=5)家兔在免疫后第4周,只有个别家兔检测到了猪瘟特异性抗体。用猪瘟弱毒疫苗(C株)攻毒后,rAdV-E2UL49免疫组家兔均未出现定型热反应,在其脾中也未检测到C株病毒RNA,其免疫效果接近于C株;rAdV-E2和rAdV-optiE2免疫组各有3只家兔出现了定型热反应,在个别兔的脾中检测到了病毒RNA。结果表明,伪狂犬病病毒UL49基因编码的VP22蛋白可以增强重组腺病毒的免疫原性,rAdV-E2UL49有望成为一株有潜力的猪瘟疫苗。     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

U.S. and East Asian Integration

the U.S. is directly impacting on the future of the East Asian community. Therefore, finding ways to get along with the U.S. is crucial to the speed, direction, configuration and character of the East Asian community. In this paper, the author has analyzed the interests of the United States in East Asia and its stands towards the East Asian integration. The author concludes that it is to the interest of the United States to make more efforts to further join in the East Asian integration. And East Asia should accept and welcome the American participation.     

CAFIU Honorary Vice-President Wang Zhizhen Visited Turkey,Sudan and Attended the Third China-Africa People's Forum

正~~     

CAFIU Delegation Visited Sri Lanka and Attended the Third China-Africa People's Forum in Sudan

正At the invitation of Sri Lanka-China Friendship Association(SLCFA)and Sudan Network for National Non-Governmental Organizations,a 5-member delegation led by CAFIU Deputy Secretary-General Liu Kaiyang visited Sri Lanka and attended the Third China-Africa People’s Forum held in Sudan from May 7 to 14,2014.As a member of this delegation,I had the great honor     

South Asian NGO Delegation Visiting China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 10-member NGO delegation composed of representatives from media,think tanks and NGOs from Bangladesh,India and Sri Lanka visited China from April 9 to 18.On the second day of arrival,the delegation visited Xicheng District Administrative Service Center.The center provides such services as     

Building A Platform for Understanding and Establishing Channels for Cooperation——Notes on the 2014 “Understanding & Cooperation” Dialogue

正From June 16 to 18,the 2014"UnderstandingCooperation"Dialogue and Forum on Rethinking Asia,co-hosted by CAFIU and FES and jointly organized with China Foundation for Peace and Development,was held in Tutzing,a beautiful and spacious manor located at 30km southwest of Munich.Nearly 60 delegates from more than 10Asian and European countries participated in the event,including China,Germany,Korea,Japan,     

The Second Sino-US Maritime Security Workshop Held in CIIS

正On September 25-26,2014,CIIS and Hoover Institution,Stanford University jointly held the Second Sino-US Maritime Security Workshop in Beijing.CIIS President Qu Xing and Abraham Sofall,senior research fellow with the Hoover Institution,codelivered the opening remarks.Representatives from China's Ministry of National Defense,     

俄白哈关税同盟的发展及其影响（英文）

In recent years, the Eurasian Economic Community has developed rapidly. Because of the special relationship between the SCO and the Customs Because Customs Union, the latter will inevitably exert some influence on the development of the former, but they are not fundamentally contradictory. Since the of the establishment of the Customs Union, the trade between China and the Customs Union members grows steadily.