中国汉族成人肱骨近端CR片特征与年龄的相关性

目的探讨中国汉族成人肱骨近端CR片的特征随年龄变化的规律,以推断年龄。方法 210例中国汉族成人肩关节CR片,其中男性124例,年龄范围18~83周岁,女性86例,年龄范围18~60周岁,选取与年龄变化关系密切的肱骨骨髓腔高度、肱骨近端骨骺骨小梁变化、肱骨大结节内骨小梁变化、锁骨骨髓腔肩峰侧骨小梁变化4项指标,观察不同年龄各指标的变化进行统计分析。结果四项指标均是影响年龄变化的重要因素。肱骨近端骨骺骨小梁变化、锁骨骨髓腔肩峰侧骨小梁变化对年龄的预测影响较大,肱骨骨髓腔高度、肱骨大结节内骨小梁变化稍小。利用以上指标建立的回归方程能很好的反映成人肱骨的增龄性变化,预测骨龄较为准确。结论利用成人肱骨骨髓腔高度、肱骨近端骨骺骨小梁变化、肱骨大结节内骨小梁变化、锁骨骨髓腔肩峰侧骨小梁变化可推断年龄。     

利用中国汉族成年人胸部正位CR片影像学特征判定年龄

目的建立利用胸部正位CR片影像学变化判定年龄的方程,并评价其法医学意义。方法收集381例汉族成年人胸部正位CR片样本,其中男性208例,女性173例。选取胸部右侧第一肋胸骨端、左侧第一肋胸骨端、右侧第五肋胸骨端、左侧锁骨骨小梁和左侧锁骨松质骨网眼5项特征性指标,对351例样本进行描述评分,运用SPSS 19.0软件进行多元线性回归模型条件的基本论证,建立回归方程。并使用30例样本对方程的准确性进行盲测。结果本文所选取的5项胸部正位CR片特征性指标与年龄的关系可以使用线性回归模型(P0.05);建立了1组全指标回归方程和2组分组逐步回归方程,全指标回归方程估计值的标准误男性和女性分别为2.83岁和3.41岁,低年龄组(18~35岁)男性和女性分别为2.47岁和2.79岁,高年龄组(36~50岁)男性和女性分别为2.39岁和2.55岁;随机选取30例样本的盲测结果,误差在3岁以内的,全指标回归方程男性和女性分别为80.0%和73.3%,分组回归方程男性和女性分别为86.7%和80.0%。结论利用胸部正位CR片影像学特征变化可判定年龄。     

股骨颈骨折50例分析

股骨颈骨折后易发生股骨头坏死,在法医实践中,股骨头坏死经人工股骨头置换术后行损伤程度及伤残程度的鉴定存在着分歧,本文主要对此进行了分析和探讨。1一般资料本文共查阅了某法医鉴定中心五年间的股骨颈骨折的鉴定案例共50例,其中24例发生了股骨头坏死。1.1性别、年龄50例股骨颈骨折中女性32例,男性18例,35岁以下均为男性,55岁以上均为女性,见表1。表1股骨颈骨折的不同年龄段分布(例)年龄(岁)男女总计<3560635-45911045-55347>5502727总计1832501.2股骨头坏死的年龄及性别分布(见表2)表2股骨头坏死的年龄及性别分布年龄(岁)男女总计<45岁2…     

中国汉族成人颅骨CT片同一认定方法的研究

目的建立对中国汉族成人颅骨CT片进行同一认定的方法。方法按照纳入标准收集100例中国汉族成人颅骨CT片，对确定的识别指标进行观察和测量，对各指标的观测结果进行分类编码，然后按观测顺序编制特异的12位颅骨CT片识别编码。运用SPSS13．0统计学软件对所得数据进行各指标年龄和性别差异的统计学分析，利用个人识别能力公式计算单个指标和总体指标的个人识别能力。结果12项识别指标中有6个指标存在男女性别差异；12项指标累计个人识别能力可达到99．9997997％。结论本文确定中国汉族成人颅骨CT片12项观测指标，利用指标分类编码法可进行中国汉族成人颅骨CT片的同一认定。     

应用膝关节MRI T_2加权脂肪抑制像推断活体年龄

目的探索膝关节MRI T2加权脂肪抑制像(T2-FS)在法医年龄推断中的应用价值,建立安全可靠的四川汉族年龄推断方法。方法收集膝关节MRI 324例(男性170例,女性154例),年龄范围为10~30岁。采用西门子1.5T磁共振仪摄片,MRI参数:T2-FS TSE序列,矢状位。将股骨远端、胫骨近端骨骺发育分为6个等级并赋分,分析各指标性别差异及年龄相关性,建立年龄推断回归模型。结果男女性股骨远端、胫骨近端MRI等级与年龄呈正相关性,股骨远端与年龄的相关性男性0.687,女性0.661;胫骨近端与年龄的相关性男性0.684,女性0.488。股骨远端骨骺完全闭合,骺线消失的最小年龄男性18.42岁,女性19.36岁;胫骨近端男性骺线消失的最小年龄为16.93岁,女性为14.68岁。股骨远端等级1~3、5、6和胫骨近端等级1~3、5年龄分布性别差异不显著。分别建立男女年龄推断模型,男性年龄推断平均绝对误差(MAD)=2.90岁;女性年龄推断MAD=3.30岁。结论膝关节MRI T2-FS影像可作为活体年龄推断的指标之一,股骨远端等级6可作为判断18岁的指标之一。     

计算机X线成像测量青少年四肢长骨推算身高

目的 应用计算机X线成像(computed radiographv,CR)测量活体上肢骨及胫腓骨正位片上相关指标,建立适合当代中国四川地区汉族14～18岁人群运用上肢骨及胫腓骨推算身高的数学模型.方法 对194例14～18岁四川汉族健康青少年进行左侧肢体上肢骨及胫腓骨正位摄片,测量特定标志点间距离,同时准确测量其身高....     

根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄的研究

目的 根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄。方法 对69例已知年龄的中国汉族女性甲状软骨进行软X线摄片和(或)普通X线摄片,从甲状软骨的摄片上选择5个与年龄变化关系较为密切的观察部位,每个部位又划分成3至6个等级,然后采用多元线性回归分析法,建立其推算年龄的数学模型。结果运用该方法推算女性甲状软骨年龄,其标准差为1.969,复相关系数为0.984。结论 本方法适用于中国汉族女性甲状软骨年龄推算,其有效年龄范围为18～60岁。     

计算机X线摄片测量四川地区活体男性颈椎推算身高

目的 以计算机放射学(computer radiography,CR)X线摄影方法,摄颈椎侧位CR片,测量颈椎高度,建立推算身高的回归方程.并评估放射学方法测量颈椎高度推算身高的可行性.方法 在150例四川汉族成年活体男性颈椎CR片上测量C3～C7前、后缘高度,同时测量其身高.通过各项颈椎测量指标与身高的线性回归分析,建立颈椎推算身高的回归方程;并对方程进行身高预测值与实际值的配对t检验、残差分析、等方差性检验以及共线性检验等方程的预测与诊断.结果 共建立有统计学意义的一元回归方程31个,多元回归方程20个.所建立回归方程的复相关系数在0.656～0.259范围内,身高估计值标准误在4.30-5.79cm范围.结论 所建立的回归方程适用于四川汉族成年男性颈椎身高推算.应用CR放射学方法测量颈椎高度推算身高,可以为法医学个人识别身高推算提供帮助.     

根据中国汉族男性甲状软骨推算年龄的研究

目的根据中国汉族男性甲状软骨推算年龄。方法对73例已知年龄的中国汉族男性甲状软骨进行软X线摄片和(或)X线摄片,从摄片上选择8个与年龄变化关系较为密切的观察部位,每个部位又划分成3至6个等级,然后采用多元线性回归方法,建立其推算年龄的数学模型。结果运用该方法推算男性甲状软骨年龄,其标准差为1.354,复相关系数R为0.9971。结论本方法适用于中国汉族男性甲状软骨的年龄推算,其有效力年龄范围为13-67岁。     

基于腰椎高度X线测量技术推断四川汉族女性身高

目的通过腰椎高度X线测量技术,建立四川汉族女性身高的数学模型,为法医人类学研究积累基础数据。方法收集206例四川汉族女性个体按年龄分为A、B、C 3组,其中A组(206例)不分年龄,B组(116例)为20~45岁,C组(90例)为45岁以上,并应用计算机X线摄影(computer radiography,CR)技术分别测量所有样本腰椎CR片中5个椎体(L1~L5)前缘、后缘、中央高度(x1~x15),脊柱腰段中央总长度(x16),同时测量每个个体真实身高,对各测量指标联合与身高的相关性进行线性回归分析,建立推断身高的数学模型,并重新选取62例样本代入数学模型,检验模型的准确性。结果所建立的数学模型经线性回归模型假设检验,均具有统计学意义(P0.05),回归方程的推断标准误为2.982~5.004cm,相关系数为0.370~0.779,复相关系数为0.533~0.834。对每组相关系数、复相关系数最高的方程进行回代检验,其中A组的y=100.33+1.489 x3-0.548 x6+0.772 x9+0.058 x12+0.645 x15的准确率最高,为80.6%(±1SE)、100%(±2SE)。结论本研究建立的数学模型适用于推断四川汉族女性身高。     

An evaluation of sex and body weight determination from the proximal femur using DXA technology and its potential for forensic anthropology

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a rarely used technology in forensic anthropology. These densitometers quantify bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) and thus introduce new variables which are important for the application of forensic anthropology. This study investigates the importance of these variables and of this technology using bone scans of the proximal femur in sex and body weight determination. Two data sets from studies conducted at the University of Alabama at Birmingham were examined. The first study had 41 White patients, of which there were 17 males and 24 females, ranging in age from 61 to 79 years and in weight from 99 to 242 lb. The following variables were utilized from the DXA scans: BMD in the femoral neck, greater trochanter and in Ward's triangle. A manual ruler in the software facilitated measurements on the minimum neck diameter and shaft diameter just below the lesser trochanter from each scan. The second study had 128 female patients, 71 of which were Black and 57 were White. They ranged in age from 23 to 47 1/2 years and they weighed between 31 1/2 and 98 1/4 kg. The same variables were examined on these DXA scans as in the first study, with the addition of BMC of the femoral neck and the deletion of the minimum shaft diameter below the lesser trochanter. The first study showed statistically significant sex determination relationships (p < 0.02, t-tests for equality of means) at the supero-inferior femoral neck and lesser trochanter diameters, and from BMD at the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified sex over 92% of the original grouped cases using these variables. Multiple regression analysis using body weight as the dependent variable and various measures of the proximal femur as independent variables shows that while they are statistically significant and they have reasonably high R2 values up to 0.49; nevertheless, their standard errors of the estimates are too wide to be of much forensic use. The second study examined ethnic differences, Blacks and Whites, and body weight relationships in a larger, all female data set. Statistically significant differences between Blacks and Whites of BMD were found at Ward's triangle. Multiple regression analyses were again run on body weight and various measures of the proximal femur. The results were also broken down by ethnicity. Some body weight relationships were again statistically significant such as between the BMC of the femoral neck and the BMD of the greater trochanter and the BMC of the neck and the minimum neck diameter, but again, the standard error of the estimate is too wide to be of much use. In addition, the square of the correlation coefficient (R2) is very low, for example, below 0.1 in all cases. Thus, there is very little variability in weight that can be accounted for with these variables. DXA technology offers the potential of a living skeletal data bank and of variables that are useful in cause-effect relationships between bone mineralization and skeletal loads.     

放射影像学方法测量活体女性颈椎推算身高

目的测量颈椎高度建立四川汉族女性人群的身高推算方程，为法医学个人识别提供帮助。方法应用计算机X线摄影放射学方法，在209例四川汉族女性颈椎CR片上测量C3～C7椎体高度，并准确测量身高。按年龄是否大于45岁进行分组，对各颈椎的测量数据与身高进行线性回归分析，建立颈椎推算身高的回归方程。结果共建立一元回归方程36个，多元回归方程12个，所有回归方程经线性回归模型假设检验，均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。所建立的回归方程的复相关系数（r）在0．628～0．280范围内，回归方程的标准误在4．03～5．03cm范围内。结论本研究所建立的回归方程，可用于四川汉族女性颈椎的身高推算。     

陕西省6～15岁汉族未成年人牙龄的研究

目的运用全口曲面断层影像技术,研究陕西省6-15岁汉族未成年人牙齿钙化规律,建立利用牙齿钙化程度推断陕西汉族6-15岁未成年人年龄的方法。方法按照中国汉族儿童及青少年牙齿钙化分级标准,对1997名（男934名,女1063名）陕西省6-15岁汉族未成年人的全口曲面断层影像中下颌恒牙钙化程度进行分级评分;将所得评分值及对应的年龄输入SPSS软件并进行统计分析,最终建立年龄推断的方程。结果下颌同名牙钙化评分值侧别间非参数检验结果 P〉0.05,而性别间非参数独立样本检验结果 P〈0.05;下颌左侧各颗恒牙钙化程度与年龄相关分析结果 r〉0.59;方程拟合优度检验所得校正决定系数均大于0.76,估计值标准误男性在0.85-1.05岁之间、女性在0.83-0.97岁之间。结论本研究建立的方法合理可靠,可用于陕西省汉族6-15岁未成年人年龄的推断。     

An Analysis of Hounsfield Unit Values and Volumetrics from Computerized Tomography of the Proximal Femur for Sex and Age Estimation

Sex and age are two elements in the establishment of a biological profile for forensic identification. While the pelvic bones are the most ideal structures for sex estimation, the condition of a body is not always ideal due to the nature of death, such as in mass disasters, or postmortem processes. This study utilized CT scans and resultant 3D models of 100 male and 100 female adults of known ages ranging from 18 to 98 years old to collect volumetric and Hounsfield unit measurements of the proximal femur. Equations were created to establish logistic regression models for sex estimation and linear regression models for age estimation. The resultant sex estimation method had an accuracy of 93.5% and utilized the volume of the proximal femur. This study provides three linear regression models for age with an accuracy range of 86%–92% ±12 years. As imaging technologies are increasingly adopted for forensic purposes, the power of 3D data will provide the opportunity for more quantitative and reproducible analyses. The proposed method for sex and age estimation provides a reliable tool that can be utilized in both day-to-day casework and disaster victim identification.     

中国汉族男性肩胛骨测量值与身长的关系

目的　探讨中国汉族男性肩胛骨测量值与身长的关系。方法　测量了 2 0 7例已知身长的中国汉族男性肩胛骨的 14项指标 ,用测得的数据输入计算机 ,分 3个年龄段 ,运用多元线性回归分析法 ,求出肩胛骨测量值推算身长的方程式。结果　建立了用男性肩胛骨推算身长的 9个方程式 ,其复相关系数在 0 65 99至 0 5 192之间 ,标准差在 5 13 45至 6 3 93 1之间。结论　中国汉族男性肩胛骨测量值与身长呈现一定的相关关系。     

X线摄影测量活体胫腓骨长度推算身高

目的应用计算机X线摄影（computer radiography,CR）测量活体胫腓骨长度,建立适合当代中国北方汉族人群胫腓骨长度推算身高的数学模型。方法在422例（男性207例．女性215例）活体山东汉族成年人的胫腓骨正位CR片上测量5项长度指标,同时测量其身高。通过各项测量指标与身高的线性回归分析、线性回归模型假设检验的方差分析以及偏回归系数的t检验．建立运用胫腓骨长度推算身高的回归方程;并对所建立的方程进行身高预测值与真实值的配对t检验、残差分析等方程的预测与诊断。结果共建立有统计学意义的一元回归方程35个一所建立的回归方程的相关系数在0．909～0．823范围内．回归方程的估计值标准误在2．48～3．87cm范围结论应用CR放射学方法测量胫腓骨长度推算身高．可以为法医学个人识别身高推算提供帮助,建立的回归方程适用于中国北方汉族人群胫腓骨的身高推算。     

Racial variation in the proximal and distal femur: heritability and forensic utility.

The femur has been studied successfully by physical anthropologists for many years. Such traits as femoral head diameter and bicondylar width have been examined extensively and are of great value to forensic anthropologists and other skeletal biologists in sex identification. A number of studies over the past decade by the author and his former students have shown marked racial differences in the shape of the proximal femur and in at least one trait of the distal femur--intercondylar notch height. Anterior-posterior (AP) diameter of the proximal femur is much greater among Whites and Blacks than among East Asians and American Indians. Blacks have slightly greater intercondylar notch height than Whites. Other features, such as torsion, also differ between the major geographic racial populations. Current analysis suggests that the East Polynesians fall close to the American Indians and East Asians in the degree of flatness of the proximal femur. One study has tracked the degree of change in flatness during individual development, and finds little change within major populations from the youngest to the oldest individuals. Temporal changes within populations are likewise minimal. Two studies have examined sex differences within populations, which are also found to be very slight. Racial differences, on the other hand, are quite significant, and individuals of admixed ancestry fall intermediate between the two parental populations. Such suggestions of high heritability in the shape of the proximal and distal femur make these traits very useful in assessing ancestry in forensic contexts.     

中国汉族女性青少年法医学活体骨龄推断数学模型的建立

目的建立推断中国汉族女性青少年活体骨龄的数学模型。方法摄取华中、华南及华东等地区的838名年龄介于11～20周岁正常女性青少年双侧锁骨胸骨端以及左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节的X线片。依据青少年骨发育分级标准对24项骨骼发育指标进行阅片、分级,结合考虑身高、体质量及地区等影响因素．应用SAS8．1及SPSS11．0软件进行统计学处理,探索各指标与年龄的相关性。结果建立了我国汉族女性青少年利用锁骨胸骨端及6大关节骨骺闭合程度联合推断活体年龄的多元回归数学模型．推导出判定我国汉族女性青少年是否已满14、16和18周岁的Fisher’S两类判别分析方程。结论本研究所建立的判定活体年龄的数学模型丰富了活体年龄的法医学鉴定方法,有利于提高活体骨龄鉴定方法的科学性和结论的准确性。