论“反对强迫自证其罪”原则

引论反对强迫自证其罪原则,既是现代法治国家刑事司法制度的一项重要内容,也是犯罪嫌疑人、被告人能否真正享有以辩护权为核心的诉讼权利的基础之所在。是否确立该原则,以及是否建立了保障该原则得以实现的程序机制,不仅体现出一个国家在特定时期对实体真实与程序公正、打击犯罪与保障人权等相冲突的诉讼价值的选择态度,而且也反映出一国刑事诉讼     

解读“国家尊重和保障人权”——析宪法修改对刑事诉讼法再修改的影响

修改后的宪法确立了“国家尊重和保障人权”原则。从修宪的背景、修宪的精神以及立法机关的解释可以解读出 ,该原则强调人权的个体性、非工具性和非功利性。我国现行刑事诉讼法的目的具有极强的功利性 ,对权利保障的规定具有浓厚的工具色彩。因此 ,刑事诉讼法再修改时 ,应当以修宪所确立的人权保障内涵和要求为检视标准 ,重新界定刑事诉讼法的目的 ,确立或修改相关的诉讼原则、制度和规则。     

新《刑事诉讼法》下法律援助制度对检察权行使的制约

法律援助制度是一项为弱势群体提供法律帮助的司法救济制度,其对于保障人权、促进司法公正具有重要意义.该制度通过强化受援人的辩护权、加强私权利保护、律师辅助权力行使等方式,在保障受援人诉讼权益的同时,也对检察权中公诉权、侦查权、法律监督权等构成了制约.本文从概念的界定出发,分析法律援助制度制约检察权行使的原因、方式、效果,最终得出强化检察权行使的合法性和规范性的结论.     

试论公民沉默权立法之路

沉默权制度自诞生于英国以来,一直是作为公民的一项宪法权利被确定的,经过几个世纪的辗转发展,二战以后沉默权制度作为保障人权的一项重要制度,被各种国际公约所确认并加以规定.但是在我国,沉默权要作为刑事诉讼程序中被确认和保障的诉讼权利,还需要漫长的道路.     

浅议我国刑事被害人诉讼权利保障制度

“尊重和保障人权”是我国宪法确立的一项重要原则,新颁布的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》(以下简称《刑事诉讼法》)将“尊重和保障人权”写进总则,彰显我国立法的进步.但是,从刑事被害人人权保障角度上讲,我国仍存在很多需要加强和改进的地方.本文简要分析了刑事被害人及其人权保障的不足,认为要进一步保障刑事被害人的合法权益,应从建立被害人法律援助制度、精神损害赔偿制度、被害人司法审查制度,赋予刑事被害人上诉权等措施展开.     

遵循追究犯罪与保障人权相平衡原则 推进刑事诉讼制度的改革和完善——以检察机关的法律监督制度为视角

追究犯罪与保障人权在刑事诉讼中是辩证统一的。在现阶段贯彻追究犯罪与保障人权相平衡原则,既要提高追究犯罪的能力,也要提高保障人权的水平;既要保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的权益,也要保障被害人的权益;既要严格规制公权力行使,也要赋予专门机关追究犯罪的必要手段。在法律监督方面贯彻追究犯罪与保障人权相平衡原则,建议进一步完善追究犯罪的手段和措施;完善犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和被害人权利保障;完善诉讼监督制度,促进司法公正,依法保障人权。     

转变观念 开拓进取 努力做好涉检信访稳定工作

此次刑诉法的修改首次将“尊重和保障人权”作为一项重要原则纳入其中，并在证据制度、强制措施、辩护制度、侦查措施、审判程序、执行规定、特别程序等新增内容中着重一以贯之，鲜明体现了诉讼文明、司法民主和人权保障的立法要义。控告申诉检察部门要认真领会这些精神，不断强化人权意识、程序意识、证据意识、时效意识和监督意识，适应工作的新要求。     

论劳动争议诉讼中劳动者的人权保障

"人权入宪"是中国人权事业发展的一个重要里程碑,也对人民法院的审判工作提出了新的更高的要求,最高人民法院提出了"司法为民"的主张,正是对这一要求的切实回应。在当前中国"劳资失衡"的社会状态下,宪法赋予劳动者的基本人权常常得不到有效的贯彻和保障。为了切实有效保障人权,平衡劳资关系,维护社会的和谐与稳定,必须要对现有的劳动争议诉讼机制进行改革,在为民原则、效率原则、司法最终救济原则的指导下,建立或裁或审、裁审分离的劳动争议处理制度;健全和完善劳动争议法律体系,建立有中国特色的劳动公益和公力诉讼制度。     

探索被害人的起诉告知制度

随着保障人权的视角和研究向纵深发展，对被害人权利的保障已经成为考量一个国家司法制度甚至政治文明程度的重要标尺。但是在我国司法体制中，被害人在案件进人审查起诉阶段后逐渐远离诉讼已经成为不争的事实。而这种远离可能造成被害人丧失实现其他诉讼权利的途径，甚至导致二次伤害。因此，保障被害人的知情权成为保障其他诉讼权利得以行使的前提条件。下面笔者将从被害人权利现状的视角出发，通过对利弊的分析权衡，阐述建立起诉后告知被害人制度的现实意义，并探索该制度的运行模式。     

实现惩治犯罪与保障人权的统一

修改后的刑事诉讼法 ,有利于充分发挥公、检、法三机关在刑事诉讼中各自的职能 ,准确而及时的惩罚犯罪 ;强化了对诉讼当事人的诉讼权利的保障 ;更好地实现了惩治犯罪与保障人权的统一     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.