法律行为生效要件体系的重构

我国民法理论认为,法律行为生效需具备成立要件与有效要件;法律行为成立后,是否有效不明,只有再符合有效要件,才能发生法律效力。然而,无论是从成立要件关涉保障自治、有效要件关涉限制自治,还是从成立要件具有肯定性、有效要件具有否定性,甚或从诉讼法上成立要件事实由主张法律行为上权利者举证、有效要件事实由否认法律行为效力者举证的角度来看,此种"正面"、"并列"规定有效要件与成立要件的做法均有不妥。通过建立"成立推定有效"规则,并使积极性的"有效要件"转变为消极性"效力阻却事由",可改进这些弊病。这一方案厘清了各种影响法律行为生效的因素之间,以及其与私人自治的私法主导原则之间的意义脉络,并藉"成立要件+效力阻却事由"的制度构造建立了法律行为生效的"要件体系",从而凸显了私人自治对法律行为效力发生的决定性作用,并使私人自治获得体系性实现。     

论婚姻的成立

婚姻的成立 ,是指男女之间的两性关系因符合法定的成立要件而被法律认为婚姻关系产生或存在。婚姻的成立必须具备法定的成立要件 ,否则 ,无婚。婚姻的一般成立要件为 :存在双方当事人 ,而且双方当事人应为异性 ;双方当事人达成合意 ,且须有身份行为的效力意思 (婚意 )。婚姻的特殊成立要件为 :对于法律婚 ,须履行法定的结婚手续 ;对于事实婚 ,须存在身份生活的事实 ,即以夫妻名义同居生活 ,以夫妻相待 ,群众亦认为其为夫妻。婚姻的成立是婚姻有效的前提 ,但成立的婚姻并不一定有效。婚姻一旦成立 ,即使其无效 ,仍具有法律意义 ,如重婚中的婚姻亦包括无效婚姻。     

客观归责的体系性地位

客观归责是在条件说所确立的因果关系范围内,对构成要件的实质判断。客观归责引入构成要件,使构成要件分为事实与价值两个层面:在事实层面以归因为中心进行构成要件的形式判断,即是否属于构成要件的行为→是否属于构成要件的结果→行为与结果之间是否存在因果关系。在此基础上,再进行价值层面的判断,即是否制造不被容许的风险,以检验构成要件的行为→是否实现不被容许的风险,以检验构成要件的结果→是否属于构成要件的效力范围,以检验整体的构成要件。只有废弃四要件的犯罪构成体系,引入三阶层的犯罪论体系,客观归责在我国刑法学中才有立足之地。     

犯罪构成问题再探讨

构成要件是我国刑法学中犯罪构成理论研究过程的基本词汇。该词源于资产阶级刑法学，曾被前苏联和我国学者深刻批判过，但在构筑社会主义国家犯罪构成体系上又被广泛使用，以致于批驳与立论相当混乱。本文对怎样正确理解构成要件，作为犯罪构成要件的标准，构成要件与犯罪形态的关系等问题，作了探讨     

论涉外婚姻家庭关系的有效性审查

冲突法规则直接用于审查婚姻的有效性,分别审查婚姻缔结的形式要件和实质要件,有利于调和婚姻缔结地国与当事人属人法国各自的利益要求。     

试论诉讼证明标准的客观真实与一元制

诉讼证明的终极对象为实体法律要件事实,对实体法律要件事实的价值评判和利益衡量以及要件事实与行为结果之间因果关系的判断,决定着立法者对实体法律要件事实的摄取和规定。"法律真实论"在理论上难以成立,以此指导司法实践也是有害的,因此,应当坚持客观真实的诉讼证明标准。由于诉讼证明标准是对司法者认定实体法律要件事实的应然要求,即追求实体法律要件事实的客观存在,因此,刑事诉讼与民事诉讼的诉讼证明标准应为一元制。     

论犯罪客体的理论重构

违法性判断的缺失是我国传统犯罪构成理论中存在的一个突出问题。而现有犯罪构成要件中犯罪客体要件并不具备犯罪区分功能,将违法性概念融入到犯罪客体要件之内,有利于现有犯罪构成理论矛盾的解决。考虑到我国刑法中存在罪量因素,改造后的犯罪客体应采用实质违法性标准,在违法性判断过程中应坚持法益侵害说。将犯罪客体置放于犯罪构成体系中最后一个要件,更为合理。     

认定绑架罪"情节较轻"的几个理论问题

当前对绑架罪“情节较轻”的判断，主要集中在对其“外延”，即具体情形的探讨上，但对“情节较轻”的“内涵”，即一些基本理论问题则探讨不多。在理论上，绑架罪“情节较轻”属于规范性构成要件要素，需要司法者进行一定的价值评判。评判的基础是能够影响绑架罪罪质轻重的事实要素，评判的标准则是法益侵害的层次和程度。     

对婚姻法第八条中“应当补办”之规定的质疑

２００１年４月２８日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议通过了《关于修改＜中华人民共和国婚姻法＞的决定》，使得《中华人民共和国婚姻法》（以下简称为《婚姻法》）由原有的３７条增加到５１条。其增设的内容涉及面颇广，对欠缺形式要件婚姻的效力认定，现行婚姻法既未将该类婚姻的效力认定为无效，也未将该类婚姻的效力认定为可撤销。对欠缺形式要件婚姻的效力，在《婚姻法》第８条中规定为：“未办理结婚登记的，应当补办登记。”该规定言下之意便是可通过结婚登记手续的事后补办，而使得原本欠缺形式要件婚姻的效力变为…     

论我国犯罪构成体系的缺陷与完善

由于犯罪构成体系是为刑事诉讼证明实践服务的,因此对于该体系是否存在缺陷以及如何进行完善,均应从刑事证明实践的视角出发。从证明对象上来看,我国犯罪客体属于多余要件,而违法性要件则为遗漏要件;从证明责任分配上来看,由于犯罪构成缺乏推定效力,导致证明责任分配的混乱。为此,在完善我国犯罪构成体系时,需要将违法性要件纳入犯罪客体并划分各要件之间的层次性,以恢复犯罪构成的推定效力,从而实现其对证明责任的合理分配。     

How I met your mother: Mitigating forced marriage in the United States

Forced marriage in the United States is a hidden issue for a growing number of children and young people. Being trapped in a marriage severely impacts a person's well-being, with long-term psychological and physical ramifications. Forced marriage increases the likelihood of domestic violence and sexual abuse, depriving victims of autonomy. To lessen the number of forced marriages, this Note proposes emulating a United Kingdom statute. The statute provides a comprehensive approach with tailored programs and services to serve the needs of victims of forced marriages. Adopting this statute will create uniform law, making forced marriages illegal federally.     

无效婚姻制度探析

无效婚姻制度是2001年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》新增设的一项制度,填补了立法空白,是婚姻立法上的重大进步.无效婚姻是指违反婚姻成立要件的违法婚姻,本文对无效婚姻的法定事由、宣告机关及法律后果等方面的缺陷进行了分析,提出了完善的立法建议:1、建立结婚登记公示制度;2、应缩小自始无效婚的范围,扩大可撤销婚的范围;3、确认和宣告婚姻无效的机关应仅限于人民法院;4、自始无效婚有溯及力,可撤销婚无溯及力;5、当事人所生子女视同婚生子女;6、增设无效婚姻的侵权制度.     

The age at marriage of migrants during the industrial revolution in the region of liège

The articl7e examines the cities and towns in the Liège region during industrialization in the ninteenth century, focusing on the relationship between marriage, migration, and entry of people into urban areas. The average age at marriage was higher for in-migrants than for natives, but so was the intensity of nuptiality. Thus, the average age at marriage is not the sole statistic through which to approach questions about the socio-demographic consequences of arrival into town. Towns had several, seemingly closed, marriage markets, and it is important to pay attention to differential behaviors by taking this fact into account. Moreover, in-migration to an industrial city created opportunities to contract marriage, for women as well as men. Sometimes marriages occurred in the village, and were contracted to escape the old system and to prepare for the migration to the city of the young couple. Structural as well as life-course approaches must be combined for a thorough understanding of migration to industrializing cities.     

‘Marrying light’: skin colour,gender and marriage in Jamaica,c. 1918–1980

ABSTRACT

While historians have increasingly examined inter-racial marriage, they have so far paid scant attention to intraracial marriage. This article tries to fill this gap in the scholarship by examining the practice of ‘marrying light’ in Jamaica from c. 1918 to 1980. Based on a wide range of sources, including memoirs and autobiographical fiction, it is particularly concerned with the motives for cross-colour marriage and the ways in which African-Jamaican children learned that ‘marrying light’ was an ideal to aspire to. It shows that colour, gender and class intersected in complex ways in ‘marrying light’ and that in most instances cross-colour marriages in Jamaica, like elsewhere, were a trade-off between one high-ranking variable and another. Due to the limitations of the source material, the article does not fully explore the extent of ‘marrying light’ and the quality of cross-colour marriages.     

The influence of length of marriage and fidelity status on perception of marital rape

To what extent does the length of the marriage or the wife's faithfulness to the husband influence the perception of responsibility or trauma in marital rape? In the current study, each participant was presented with one of four marital rape vignettes. The vignettes varied only in the length of the marriage (3 years or 15 years) and the fidelity status of the wife (continuously faithful or involved in an ongoing sexual affair with another man). Results indicate that both length of marriage and fidelity status significantly influence perceptions of marital rape. Specifically, participants assigned greater responsibility for the rape to unfaithful wives than to faithful wives. This finding is particularly salient for wives in long-term marriages as compared to wives in short-term marriages. Additionally, participants perceived rapes within long-term marriages as more traumatic than rapes within short-term marriages.     

Very Long Engagements: The Persistent Authority of Bridewealth in a Post‐Apartheid South African Community

This article examines the persistent authority of lobola, the customary practice for forming marriages in many South African communities. South African marriage rates have sharply fallen, and many blame this on economic challenges completing lobola. Using in‐depth, qualitative research from a village in KwaZulu‐Natal, where lobola demands are the country's highest and marriage rates its lowest, I argue that lobola's authority survives because lay actors have innovated new approaches for pursuing emerging desires for marriage via lobola. I argue that dyadic narratives of marriage increasingly circulate alongside “traditional” extended‐family narratives, especially among the young women who strongly support lobola while yearning for gender‐egalitarian marriages. My argument synthesizes actor‐oriented analyses of legal pluralism with Ewick and Silbey's theorization of lay actors’ role in producing legality to illuminate how lay actors contribute not only to the form and content of different legal systems, but also to the reach of their authority.     

Surnames,marriage, and consanguinity in eighteenth and nineteenth century haute-provence

A study of the stem family system in a group of villages in Haute-Provence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reveals the existence of a high degree of isonymy (same-namedness). The sources employed were marriage contracts and parish registers permitting genealogical reconstitution. Does isonymy always signify a marriage between close relatives bearing the same name? In fact, although the spouses might share a common ancestor, that ancestor might date back many generations. The relatively frequent occurrence of marriages among homonymous spouses should not be interpreted as absolute proof of a union between close relatives. Indeed, heteronymic alliances, even exogamic ones, can hide a marriage between first cousins, if consanguinity is transmitted by the mothers.     

Legal restrictions on marriage

Under the legal restrictions on marriage in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg region of Austria between 1820 and 1920, members of the lower classes could marry only with the prior consent of the village authorities. Local and provincial politicians justified the necessity of these laws on the basis of the overpopulation and widespread impoverishment, which, they alleged, had resulted from the rise in lower-class marriages since the onset of industrialization. An analysis of the background and objectives of these legal interventions into marital behavior, however, reveals a different picture in regard to their effect and their effectiveness. The limitations on marriage affected life most profoundly in precisely those areas where people already tended to marry less often and later in life. Where changes in marital behavior did occur, they did not conflict with traditional behavior but rather resulted from the adaptation of the latter to altered living and working conditions. Thus it was material considerations that led the group of new wage-earners to delay or even forego marriage. The analysis shows that the limitations on marriage were directed less against the supposed causes of impoverishment than towards the continuation of social inequality in marriage and the stabilization of the status quo.     

Legal restrictions on marriage: Marriage and inequality in the Austrian Tyrol during the nineteenth century

Under the legal restrictions on marriage in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg region of Austria between 1820 and 1920, members of the lower classes could marry only with the prior consent of the village authorities. Local and provincial politicians justified the necessity of these laws on the basis of the overpopulation and widespread impoverishment, which, they alleged, had resulted from the rise in lower-class marriages since the onset of industrialization. An analysis of the background and objectives of these legal interventions into marital behavior, however, reveals a different picture in regard to their effect and their effectiveness. The limitations on marriage affected life most profoundly in precisely those areas where people already tended to marry less often and later in life. Where changes in marital behavior did occur, they did not conflict with traditional behavior but rather resulted from the adaptation of the latter to altered living and working conditions. Thus it was material considerations that led the group of new wage-earners to delay or even forego marriage. The analysis shows that the limitations on marriage were directed less against the supposed causes of impoverishment than towards the continuation of social inequality in marriage and the stabilization of the status quo.     

制定中国民法典婚姻家庭编的思考与建议

中国民法典的编纂工作已经全面启动 ,婚姻家庭制度将作为其中的一编。婚姻家庭编的立法体例和内容如何确定 ,直接关系到民法典体系的科学性和制作的完整性。就制定《中华人民共和国民法典》婚姻家庭编的立法体例和制度设计提出相应的建议 ,以填补婚姻立法的空白 ,进一步完善婚姻法的各项规定 ,更好地保护公民的合法权益