私有标准及其反垄断法规制

私人治理背景下,标准呈现出私有化发展趋势。标准私有化的基本含义是企业、企业联合以及行业协会等非政府组织成为标准的制定者,标准私有化发展的结果是大量私有标准的产生。作为市场自我规制工具的私有标准在提高经济效率、促进产品多样化以及保护公共利益方面具有积极效应。但是,私有标准可能会通过滥用市场支配地位、垄断协议等途径产生限制竞争的影响。私有标准的反垄断法规制应坚持合理原则,具有国际化视野。私有标准的反垄断法规制还需秉持发展的态度,顾及产业部门的差异性。     

对“集体土地上建公租房”政策的法律思考

利用农村集体建设用地进行公租房建设政策试点实际上突破了法律的刚性规定,变相允许利用农村集体土地进行服务于集体经济组织成员以外群体的房地产建设;将国家公益事业责任交由集体经济组织这一私权主体承担,其合理性也不无疑问。因此,从长远来看,公益事业保障和集体利益实现仍应依赖于建立科学合理的城市土地资源配置及农村集体建设用地使用权制度。     

Nondiscrimination on the basis of age in programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance from HHS. Final rules

These final regulations implement provisions of the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and the general, governmentwide regulation published in the Federal Register on June 12, 1979, codified at 45 CFR Part 90. The Age Discrimination Act of 1975 prohibits discrimination on the basis of age in programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance. The Act also contains certain exceptions that permit, under limited circumstances, use of age distinctions or factors other than age that may have a disproportionate effect on the basis of age. The Act applies to persons of all ages. These final regulations are designed to guide the actions of recipients of financial assistance from HHS. The regulations incorporate the basic standards for determining what is age discrimination that were set forth in the general regulations. They discuss the responsibilities of HHS recipients and the investigations, conciliation and enforcement procedures HHS will use to ensure compliance with the Act.     

行政私法理论在合同制度中的展开——论行政私法合同的内涵、性质与界分

面对行政实践中行政机关和法律、法规授权的组织广泛采用新型合同的情况,原有的行政合同和民事合同理论出现了解释上的困境,有必要借鉴行政私法(行为)的理论创造行政私法合同这一概念。这类合同有其独特的内涵和法律特征。行政私法合同综合了公法与私法的双重因素,是具有行政法、私法双重性质的合同。行政私法合同与行政合同、私法合同之间均存在着界限,亟需探讨此类合同的特殊法律问题。     

A member of a foundation?

This article explores the possibilities of membership in a foundationwith respect to the guarantee and hybrid companies in the Isleof Man, which qualify as foundations in the context of Europeanlaw.     

论行政争议——兼论行政争议与民事争议之区分

行政争议作为行政诉讼制度的核心概念 ,是行政诉讼与民事诉讼、刑事诉讼的根本不同之处 ,如何界定与判定行政争议则是行政诉讼理论中的一个基本问题。本文在公私法二元分立理论背景之下指出行政争议是行政主体在行使公权力过程中与相对人 (公民、法人和其他组织 )之间发生的、依据公法可以解决的争议 ,并以主体、公权力、权利义务等因素作为判断行政争议的标准。提出了从制度层面增加“行政争议”的概括性规定和设立权限争议的解决机制两点建议。     

中国古代民间规约引论

通过对古代乡村民间规约演变过程的考察,可以看到中国古代民间规约的历史存在形态:唐代后期的社邑规约、宋明时期妁乡约、明末清初产生的民间慈善组织规约和清代晚期的乡规,以及四者之间的区别与联系。民间规约既不同于私人契约,又不同于国家法律,是民间社会组织的自治规范。民间规约是国家法律的补充,它的产生,标志着公共领域不仅为国家所独占。由于中国是一个乡土社会,民间社团组织的发展和发挥作用的空间极为有限,但民间规约在组织协调人际关系、建立稳定和谐社会秩序方面仍然具有积极意义。     

社会组织退出机制研究

中国社会组织的法定类型包括社会团体、民办非企业单位和基金会,注销、撤销和取缔是社会组织退出的三种方式。社会组织管理机关通过不定期的大规模的清理整顿,将不符合政策的社会组织淘汰出局,有违社会治理常态。美国、英国、德国和日本社会组织退出制度各有特色,对中国具有借鉴意义。同时,《公司法》和《企业破产法》关于公司解散和清算的制度经验,也为社会组织的退出机制提供了参考。健全社会组织退出机制需要:(一)贯彻自愿性公益的理念,形成以自愿为主、强制为辅的社会组织退出机制;(二)降低社会组织准入门槛,营造宽进宽出的法律环境;(三)建立社会组织评估与预警机制;(四)明确规定社会组织退出时的相关法律责任及剩余财产的处置办法。     

The rules of the road, a universal visual semiotics

The rules of the road form part an international willingness to simplify the understanding of road regulations worldwide. There is still an attempt to harmonise all regulations, but some countries are reluctant to do so as they fear a loss of their domestic sovereignty. Indeed, with the increase in car use for private or professional reasons, accidents have become one the central issue in international politics; and one way to curb accidents is said to have a universal visual road semiotics. However as this cultural discernment of road signs in civil society (i.e. visual encoding) has become popular, many other forms of use have derived from it for other purposes than road regulations.     

Book Reviews

The past decade has seen many developments in anti‐discrimination law in Great Britain, from the implementation of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, to the EU framework directive for equal treatment in employment introducing three new protected grounds between 2003 and 2006 (and the subsequent extension beyond employment, in national law, of two of those grounds). All of these, and myriad implementing regulations, build on the national foundations set by the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations Act 1976. With formal equality remaining the dominant model, this article looks at the scope for positive measures within British anti‐discrimination law.     

Lawyers' Roles in Voluntary Associations: Declining Social Capital?

The extent and nature of lawyers'participation in civic life probably has important effects on the character of the community's activity and its out-comes. Where and how lawyers participate in voluntary associations may influence the ability of those organizations to function within the larger structure of American institutions.
This paper compares findings from two surveys of Chicago lawyers, the first conducted in 1975 and the second in 1994-95. Contrary to some expectations, the available evidence does not suggest that community activities of lawyers decreased. Moreover, lawyers'energies in 1995 appear to have been devoted more often to socially concerned organizations, those with a reformist agenda, than had been the case in 1975. The types of organizations with the greatest increase in activity were religious and civic associations. A smaller percentage of the respondents held leadership positions in 1995 than in 1975, but, because of a doubling in the number of lawyers, the best estimate is that the bar's absolute level of contribution to community leadership did not change greatly.
In both 1975 and 1995, a hierarchy of social prestige appears to have influenced the pattern of lawyers'community activities. Lawyers who had higher incomes, were middle-aged, were Protestants, and who had attended elite law schools were more likely to be active or leaders in most kinds of organizations. In ethnic and fraternal organizations, however, the elites of the profession had relatively low rates of participation, while government lawyers, solo practitioners, and graduates of less prestigious law schools predominated. Status hierarchies within the broader community—as well as social differences in taste, preference, or "culture"—clearly penetrate the bar.     

民办教育发展中的几个法律问题探析

<中华人民共和国民办教育促进法>及其实施条例等法律法规的颁布,给我国的民办教育带来了机遇,但对于民办教育发展中出现的一些问题,现行法律还存在模糊和有争议之处,在一定程度上影响了民办学校的正常发展,抑制了民办教育投资者的积极性.本文探讨了我国民办教育的概念界定及民办教育中几个突出的法律问题,并在此基础上提出了完善民办教育的相关对策和建议.     

Management-Based Regulation: Prescribing Private Management to Achieve Public Goals

We analyze a little-studied regulatory approach that we call management-based regulation. Management-based regulation directs regulated organizations to engage in a planning process that aims toward the achievement of public goals, offering firms flexibility in how they achieve public goals. In this article, we develop a framework for assessing conditions for using management-based regulation as opposed to the more traditional technology-based or performance-based regulation. Drawing on case studies of management-based regulation in the areas of food safety, industrial safety, and environmental protection, we show how management-based regulation can be an effective strategy when regulated entities are heterogeneous and regulatory outputs are relatively difficult to monitor. In addition to analyzing conditions for the use of management-based regulation, we assess the range of choices regulators confront in designing management-based regulations. We conclude that management-based regulation requires a far more complex intertwining of the public and private sectors than is typical of other forms of regulation, owing to regulators' need to intervene at multiple stages of the production process as well as to the degree of ambiguity over what constitutes "good management."     

物权的平等保护与我国行政救济制度发展

我国新近通过的《物权法》确立了对公私物权予以平等保护的重要原则,该原则及其贯彻对我国现行行政救济制度提出了挑战,它要求行政救济制度必须从实体、程序等方面更新一些现有规定,并重视行政救济制度对物权相关权益的平等保护,来实现对公民、法人和其他组织物权较彻底的平等保护。     

论其他承担行政任务的组织

在现代西方国家,在传统的行政机关之外存在其他承担行政任务的组织,如公法人或公共机构甚至私法组织。在中国,有一些非行政机关或行政机构的事业单位和社会团体,由法律、法规授权或由行政机关委托,也承担一定的管理职能。对行政机关以外的其他承担行政任务的组织进行比较和分析,具有重要意义。     

Revision of fee schedules; 100% fee recovery; clarification of size standards--Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Final rule

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is amending its regulations concerning the payment of annual fees to clarify the provisions that identify the size standards used to determine whether an NRC licensee would qualify as a "small entity" under the Regulatory Flexibility Act for the purpose of paying a reduced annual fee. This clarification is necessary because the size standards presented in the regulations did not clearly indicate the complete range of size standards adopted by the NRC.     

Uniform administrative requirements for grants and agreements with institutions of higher education, hospitals and other non-profit organizations, and with commercial organizations, foreign governments, organizations under the jurisdiction of foreign governments, and international organizations--DOL. Final rule

The Department of Labor is issuing these regulations pursuant to the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular No. A-110 (Revised), which provides standards for obtaining consistency and uniformity among Federal agencies in the administration of grants and agreements with institutions of higher education, hospitals, and other non-profit organizations. This rule also applies to the Department of Labor's grants to commercial organizations, foreign governments, organizations under the jurisdiction of foreign governments and international organizations. OMB issued Circular A-110 in 1976 and, except for a minor revision in February 1987, the Circular remained unchanged until revised in 1993. To update the Circular, OMB established an interagency task force to review the Circular. The task force solicited suggestions for changes to the Circular from university groups, non-profit organizations and other interested parties and compared for consistency the provisions of similar provisions applied to State and local governments. The revised Circular and these regulations reflect the results of these efforts.     

Waiver of certain membership requirements for certain health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and state option for disenrollment restrictions for certain HMOs under Medicaid--HCFA. Final rule

These regulations revise current Medicaid rules to bring them into conformity with statutory changes that (1) expanded the waiver authority of the Secretary to permit certain health maintenance organizations (HMOs) meeting specified requirements to exceed the composition of enrollment limit, (2) permitted certain organizations to contract on a risk basis, (3) permitted continuation of benefits to recipients enrolled in certain organizations after they have lost entitlement to Medicaid, and (4) granted States the option of restricting a Medicaid enrollee's right to disenroll from certain types of risk HMOs and other organizations. The statutory changes that are reflected in these regulations were enacted in section 2364 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, as amended by section 9517 of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 and section 4113 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987. We are also making a technical correction concerning HMO and PHP contracts.     

Legal aid services in Spain within the migration industry debate. Public policy,business or social compromise?

ABSTRACT

The objective of this article is to examine the unexplored role of public defenders who provide legal aid services to immigrants within the debate on the migration control and rescue industries. Although these services are provided by bar associations, public organizations that group private professionals, they are paid for with government funds due to regulations guaranteeing the right to legal defence. The main argument and conclusion of this article is that although lawyers working in these services receive public compensation for the legal aid they provide, they generally become public defenders due to personal beliefs, such as a commitment to protecting the rights of foreigners.