2004年宪法修正案的法理学解读

20 0 4年 3月 14日 ,第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议庄严地通过了新的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》。宪法修正案所确立的一系列宪法原则和宪法规范 ,内蕴着现代宪政、民主、法治、人权等基本理念 ,是我国宪法发展史上又一个重要的里程碑。为了庆祝宪法修正案的通过 ,吉林大学理论法学研究中心的博士研究生 ,在张文显教授主持下 ,从法理学角度对宪法修正案进行了解读和研讨。下面是几位博士研究生所做的主题发言。     

宪法条文援引技术研究——围绕宪法修正案的援引问题展开

我国在采用宪法修正案方式修改宪法后,造成了宪法条文援引上的困境。宪法修正案导致两种意义上的宪法,即“形式文本”和“内容文本”,我们必须加深对宪法修正案技术的认识,强调以形式文本作为援引宪法条文的惟一标本。同时,通过宪法解释,不仅有助于消除宪法修正案带来的冲突,还可以最大限度地减少宪法修正案的运用,从而增强宪法的稳定性。     

宪法理念的转型与2004年宪法修正案中公民权利的变迁

2004年十届人大二次会议通过的新的宪法修正案,是一个内容极为丰富且重要的宪法修正案,相较于前几次,它具有里程碑式的意义。它所涉及的公民基本权利的内容,以全新的视角反映出中国社会转型与发展,特别是中国宪法理念的转型。因此,本文结合市场经济转型、国际与社会二元化结构等社会基础,从中国宪法理念的转型的角度,深刻剖析了2004年宪法修正案中公民权利的变迁及两者之间的相互关系。     

论中国宪法的人权表达

2004年中国宪法修正案将"尊重和保障人权"载入宪法,表明我国人权保障的理念和实践达到了一个新的纪元.回顾人权表达的历史,中国宪法大致经历了否认-区分-承认三个阶段;表达结构采取人权保障一般条款和具体基本权利相结合的方式;在功能上,宪法人权表达条款具有更新人权理念、指引人权立法和支撑人权外交的积极作用;在现实生活中,中国宪法人权条款在强大的综合国力支持下被转换成显著实践效果;承前启后的2004年宪法修正案将把中国人权事业推向新的高峰.     

三论依法治国必须确立宪法的权威

我在１９９７年曾经写了《依法治国必须确立宪法的权威》和《再论依法治国必须确立宪法的权威》两文 ①。忽忽四年过去了 ,我们已经进入了一个新的世纪。其间１９９９年通过的宪法修正案明文规定“依法治国 ,建设社会主义法治国家” ,２００１年江泽民在庆祝中国共产党成立八十周年大会上的讲话 ,再次肯定“依法治国 ,建设社会主义法治国家”。在这振奋人心的大好形势下 ,我愿继续就这个问题作些探讨。一、宪法修正案与宪法权威宪法是国家的根本法 ,具有最高的法律效力。任何组织和个人都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则 ,并且负有维护宪法尊严…     

市场经济条件下公民权利及其保障几个问题探讨

市场经济条件下公民权利及其保障几个问题探讨游劝荣宪法修正案以根本大法形式，把建立社会主义市场经济体制确定为我国经济体制改革的根本目标。随着市场经济体制的建立和发展，宪法意义上的公民权利及保障将面临不少新的情况和新的问题，这些新的情况和问题需要不断地得...     

美国宪法解释理论中的原旨主义与宪法第九修正案

原旨主义指依据制宪者的意图或宪法条文的含义来解释宪法,原旨主义者是美国宪法解释理论的基本阵营之一。本文简述了美国宪法解释理论中的原旨主义的基本内涵,美国宪法第九修正案的内容和解释历史,并探讨了原旨主义解释方法在第九修正案解释中的运用。     

关注后制宪时代的中国宪政

备受瞩目的现行宪法的第四次修改已经尘埃落定,宪法修正案以高票获得通过,宪法文本又一次刷新。修宪之前,有关修宪的话题几乎成为理论界和实务界共同关注的焦点,法治领域的理论创新和制度创新更是令人欣喜。倘若以宪法修正案的表决通过为“分水岭”,将宪法酝酿修改的时期称作“     

试论宪法修正案的特点

九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议于１９９９年３月１５日通过了《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》，这是继１９８８年和１９９３年两次修改宪法之后，对我国宪法进行的第三次修改。我们把这次修改称为第三次宪法修正案。该修正案有以下三个明显的特点：一、时机成熟宪法是国家...     

为建设有中国特色的社会主义提供更有力的宪法保障——对八届人大修改宪法部分内容的认识

<正> 第八届全国人民代表大会第一次会议,根据中国共产党中央委员会关于修改宪法部分内容的建议,审议通过了中华人民共和国宪法修正案。这次修改宪法,在国内外引起广泛关注。它是我国政治生活中的一件重要事情,同时也为宪法理论的研究提出了一些新的课题。     

Reformation,Regulation and the Image: Sumptuary Legislation and the Subject of Law

This article considers the development of the individual subject of law and his constitutional status in the early modern English State, within the context of sumptuary legislation enacted by the Crown and the Inns of Court. During the sixteenth century, the legal community took upon itself the role of exemplifying the correct use of symbols and of elucidating the purpose of sumptuary law. The image of the lawyer was manipulated to represent the inherent divinity of common law. The reformation of the image was inevitably influenced by the doctrinal concepts of the European Reformation and is a graphic indication of the centrality of Anglicanism to the development of early modern common law. I discuss these developments with reference to theories of the image proposed by Goodrich, Legendre and Marin. I refer also to Carlyle's satirical treatise on the symbolism of clothes,Sartor Resartus. The constitution of clothes represents the idea of citizenship and the centrality of reason to the body-politic. The rediscovery of classical texts during the Renaissance was instrumental in shaping a constitution in which an embryonic social contract was apparent, as represented in the sumptuary legislation of the Inns of Court. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国商事仲裁中的瑕疵仲裁协议探析

在商事仲裁中,出现有瑕疵的仲裁协议是不可避免的,特别是对仲裁机构约定不明确的情况时有发生,这是一个值得认真探讨的问题。从大多数国家的规定来看,只要使当事人通过仲裁解决他们之间的争议的最初目的得以实现,在仲裁协议或合同的仲裁条款中存在不完善或瑕疵是可以允许的。对这一问题的妥善处理应充分体现当事人意思自治原则。特别是在瑕疵仲裁协议的效力认定上,不能轻易否认其效力,尤其不能将未选定明确的仲裁机构作为认定瑕疵仲裁协议无效的条件,对此,我国《仲裁法》应作修改和完善。     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

The Creation and Transformation of Regional Parliamentary Assemblies: Lessons from the Pan-African Parliament

This article analyses the genesis and recent evolution of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP), one of the key institutions of African integration. Based on theories relating to the European Parliament, it argues that the dynamics surrounding the establishment of the PAP result from a blend of internal and external factors. On the one hand, the decision to create a PAP can be traced back to the problems of the Organisation of African Unity and to the will of African leaders to revive Pan-Africanism. On the other hand, the establishment and design of the PAP are partially inspired by international precedents such as the European Parliament. Over and above this observation, which is informed by the theory of mimetic institutionalism, the existence of regular interactions between Europe and Africa and, more generally, the outward activities of the PAP, would seem propitious to the self-assertion of this institution. Ultimately, the objective of the article is to lay the ground for a more ambitious theory of regional parliamentary assemblies.     

Pattern and Trend of Deliberate Self-Harm in Western Nepal

Abstract:  Acts of deliberate self-harm (DSH) not only affect the people directly involved, but also have grave psychological and social impact on the family and community. In the present study, a cohort of 173 cases of DSH reported from April 2002 to March 2005 was retrospectively analyzed, by perusing the medicolegal register maintained by the Emergency Department at the Western Regional Hospital, Pokhara in the Western Development Region of Nepal. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 10.1. More than two-thirds of total cases were females. About 60% of cases were observed in the age group of 15–24 years. Poisoning (89.6%) was the most preferred method of deliberate self-harm. Organophosphate pesticides were consumed in nearly two-thirds of the poisoning cases. The majority of cases were reported during the months of May to July and had occurred during the last quarter of the day. More than a twofold increase was observed in the frequency of cases during the 3-year study period. The said observations were compared and contrasted with the available literature across the globe. The presentation is concluded by highlighting the limitations encountered in Nepal and the scope to overcome the same.     

From Criminal Law to Legal Theory: The Mysterious Case of the Reasonable Glue Sniffer

The modern idea of criminal justice is organised around a series of antinomies which include the formal and the substantive, the universal and the particular, the individual and the social. This paper examines the place of these antinomies in four different but connected settings: the plight of the humane judge, the classical enlightenment theory of retributive punishment, the judgment of provoked killing, and the critique of orthodox subjectivism in the Anglo–American law. The play of the universal and the particular and the formal and substantive within law reflects and embodies the underlying antinomy of the individual and the social – even where it does not mention it.
The qualitative moment is preserved in all quantification, as the substrate of that which is to be quantified.     

At the Court of the Strange God

This article revisits the decision of the Australian High Court in Mabo (No. 2)for the purpose of determining what, in the legal thought displayed in the judgments, makes the category of sovereignty exclusive of the sovereignty of aboriginal peoples. Having regard to the téchnē of legal thought, it locates this exclusion in the substitution of nation for property relations of class, sex and race and, more specifically to sovereignty as a category of a still colonial law, in denial of the partiality of the standpoint of legal thought. This article proposes the need in Australia to attend to, thoughtfully, a fantastic and reconciliatory moment in the idea of sovereignty. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

电子政务的价值取向：以民为本

我国的电子政务正在建立和发展阶段,确定什么样的价值取向影响着我国电子政务的发展方向。在电子政务所追求的监管和服务这两个目标上,监管也是为了服务,以民为本的服务导向型电子政务才是我国电子政务发展的方向。当前,我国电子政务在价值取向上存在一定的偏差,迫切需要重新定位。以民为本是我国电子政务价值取向的核心,主要包括服务性、高效性、公开性、全面性、协调性、安全性等价值目标。     

规制董事利益冲突交易的披露原则

董事利益冲突的交易 ,在普通法国家属于董事忠实义务规制的范畴。自我交易作为利益冲突交易的主要方式 ,一直受到大陆法和普通法系国家的关注 ,虽然两大法系采取了不同的规制方式 ,但使利害冲突交易朝着有利于公司和股东的方向发展则具有共同性。英美法国家根据本国的法律传统采取了披露和公平规则作为规制自我交易的法律方法 ,虽然该方式也有缺点 ,但在目前仍然是一种主要的方法。本文主要探讨了披露规则的优点与存在的问题 ,并对我国所应采取的方式 ,提出了自己的建议。     

Godparenthood: driving local solidarity in Northern France in the Early Modern Era. The example of Aubervilliers families in the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries

This article studies the choice of godparents in Aubervilliers, a French catholic rural parish near Paris, during the Early Modern Era. At the turn of the sixteenth century, godparenthood essentially served to extend social ties. Vertical godparenthood was quite visible, at least with regards to ‘elite’ local residents. The shift toward kin godparenthood happened over the long term, with a clear acceleration in the second half of the eighteenth century. A second evolution was the result of the Council of Trent. In the north of France, shifts from the ternary model of godparenthood to the godmother/godfather system at the beginning of the seventeenth century increased the proportion of elites amongst the godparents selected. This would indicate a strengthening of the clientele model of godparenthood in the seventeenth century, as suggested by Alfani's works on Italy. Finally, godparenthood was gender-sensitive. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, godmothers from the maternal side were greater in number than those from the paternal side, while godfathers from the paternal side were greater in number that those from the maternal side. Above all, the sex of the christened child took on a decisive dimension at the time when choices became more family-focused in the eighteenth century. This new consideration of the child's gender would seem to indicate a shift in the concept of the tie created at the time of the baptism. The intergenerational link between godchildren and godparents would take on new significance, in contrast to the relationship between parents and godparents that proved so crucial at the beginning of the Early Modern Era.