大鼠甲醇中毒后体内的甲酸分布CSCD

目的研究大鼠甲醇中毒后血液及体内主要组织中甲酸的浓度及分布特点。方法将SD大鼠分为对照组、中毒3 d组和中毒7 d组,中毒模型按照首剂量8 m L/kg给予大鼠甲醇灌胃,24 h后给予减半剂量4 m L/kg再次灌胃,在首次灌胃后的3 d和7 d将大鼠引颈处死,采心血并提取肝、肾、脑、心和胃组织,利用高效液相色谱仪检测其中的甲酸含量。结果甲酸在组织中的浓度高于血液中;与中毒3d组比较,中毒7d组脑和胃组织内的甲酸质量浓度有一定的增加趋势,而肝和肾组织中的甲酸质量浓度有所下降(P<0.05)。结论高效液相色谱法可以作为一种准确检测甲酸的定性定量方法。大鼠甲醇中毒后,其代谢产物甲酸在血液及组织中均有蓄积,在器官组织中的蓄积更显著。     

大鼠甲醇中毒后体内的甲酸分布

目的研究大鼠甲醇中毒后血液及体内主要组织中甲酸的浓度及分布特点。方法将SD大鼠分为对照组、中毒3 d组和中毒7 d组,中毒模型按照首剂量8 m L/kg给予大鼠甲醇灌胃,24 h后给予减半剂量4 m L/kg再次灌胃,在首次灌胃后的3 d和7 d将大鼠引颈处死,采心血并提取肝、肾、脑、心和胃组织,利用高效液相色谱仪检测其中的甲酸含量。结果甲酸在组织中的浓度高于血液中;与中毒3d组比较,中毒7d组脑和胃组织内的甲酸质量浓度有一定的增加趋势,而肝和肾组织中的甲酸质量浓度有所下降(P0.05)。结论高效液相色谱法可以作为一种准确检测甲酸的定性定量方法。大鼠甲醇中毒后,其代谢产物甲酸在血液及组织中均有蓄积,在器官组织中的蓄积更显著。     

甲醛对一氧化碳中毒血检验干扰的研究

目的探讨甲醛对一氧化碳中毒血的检测是否产生干扰,提高一氧化碳中毒鉴定的可靠性。方法采用常用的血中一氧化碳或碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的检测方法对未加甲醛和加甲醛的血样分别进行实验研究。结果甲醛对加热法、氢氧化钠法、氯化钯法、分光光度法等检测方法均可产生不同程度的干扰。结论经福尔马林灌注或固定的检材不宜用于一氧化碳中毒血检测,否则可能导致错误的鉴定结论。     

从送检尸体组织中检出新型防腐剂成分

运用顶空气相色谱法和气相色谱－质谱联用法,在疑中毒的送检尸体组织中检出新型防腐剂成分正己醇、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯及少量正丁醇、正己烷、乙酸己酯等成分;未检出甲醇、乙醇、甲醛等成分。对此类物质的毒理及检验进行了讨论。     

含甲醇假酒中毒致死的法医毒物分析9例

用工业酒精或直接用甲醇对水勾兑成假酒，冒充白酒流入市场而引起严重中毒甚至致死的事件时有发生。笔者曾检验了87例因饮用假酒而中毒和9例致死的案件，调查甲醇中毒者及死者生前中毒症状及尸体解剖所见，分析了中毒者血液、死者血液、尿液及玻璃体液的甲醇含量，并对其进行综合分析，以探讨鉴定这类案件时的要点。材料与方法1．检材来源本组案例均为男性，年龄25～50岁。假酒来源大多是私人酒坊用工业酒精或甲醇勾兑成的散装白酒，也有包装精美的瓶装白酒。2．对饮用假酒的中毒者和死者生前中毒症状、中毒环境和尸检所见进行回顾性调查。3…     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测生物样品中百草枯及其代谢物

目的建立生物样品中百草枯(paraquat,PQ)及其2种主要代谢物monoquat,paraquatmonopyridone(MP)的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法,应用于百草枯中毒案件的法医学鉴定。方法生物样品经乙腈或甲醇沉淀蛋白,使用Agilent HILIC Plus(4.6×100mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液～0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液(v/v)为流动相进行洗脱,在多反应监测模式下检测。结果百草枯及其代谢物在1～1000ng/mL内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9996,最低检出限为0.34～6.00ng/mL,检测准确度为91.25%～113.44%,日内及日间精密度分别为1.51%～3.99%和1.92%～4.93%。结论本文建立的LC-MS/MS法具有灵敏度高、特异性好的特点,可应用于百草枯中毒相关案件的法医学鉴定。     

溴敌隆中毒死亡1例

溴敌隆（Bromadiolone）属于第二代抗凝血杀鼠剂,是目前世界上许多国家首选的灭鼠用药。随着溴敌隆的广泛应用,溴敌隆中毒的临床病例报道逐渐增加。由于国内尚未见溴敌隆中毒致死的尸体改变报道,加上临床所见溴敌隆中毒后机体缺乏特异性改变,因此在实际工作中易造成溴敌隆中毒死亡的漏鉴或误鉴。现报道1例如下。     

甲醛固定骨骼及肌肉组织的DNA提取1例

无论是在医院还是在司法等鉴定机构都存在大量的经甲醛固定的骨骼或其它组织,这些组织的DAN能否成功提取往往在医疗纠纷及刑事案件中起着举足轻重的作用,因此DNA的成功提取是关键点。本文通过添加蛋白酶K,简化DNA提取步骤,纯化DNA提取物,成功的获得了经甲醛固定达10年之久的骨骼及肌肉组织当中的DNA。     

福尔马林对中毒检材化验影响的探讨

对中毒鉴定，应该收集新鲜组织和体液，冷藏保存，不宜使用防腐剂，以免化验时发生错误。因有的防腐剂本身即为毒物或其中含有毒物，如乙醇或甲醇中毒的检材，不能加酒精或福尔马林作防腐剂，且若干防腐剂如福尔马林还原性强，与许多物质易发生反应，使化验发生困难；防腐剂的存在还干扰有些毒物的提取，固定过程本身也能改变、掩盖及破坏许多物质，所以法医工作者一直认为福尔马林固定过的检材是最难分析的检材之一。在实际工作中，常遇到解剖时没有特殊中毒迹象，未留取新鲜检材，尔后怀疑中毒，这时福尔马林固定过的组织成为唯一可提供化…     

大鼠甲醇中毒后视网膜电图振荡电位的变化

目的：研究大鼠甲醇中毒后视网膜电图（electroretinogram,ERG）振荡电位（oscillatory potentials, OPs）的变化特点。方法建立对照组及甲醇中毒3 d组、中毒7 d组的SD大鼠模型,在相应时间点于暗室内进行ERG检测,记录OPs波形特点。结果相对于对照组,中毒3 d组和中毒7 d组的总振幅均下降了约50%,时程分别延长约16%和61%。结论大鼠甲醇中毒后,ERG的OPs呈现时程延长、总振幅下降特点。     

Post-mortem analysis of formic acid disposition in acute methanol intoxication

Fifteen cases of fatal massive methanol intoxication have been investigated. Victims received either no treatment or ethanol therapeutic treatment. Methanol poisoning cases were classified in three groups according to survival time: more than 3 days (group 1), up to 3 days (group 2) and few hours (group 3). Body distribution of methanol and formic acid, as the main metabolite, was analyzed in blood and in different organs (brain, kidney, lung and liver). Relationships between formic acid concentration in the different tissues, survival time and type of treatment applied to victims were studied. Formic acid in blood and tissues was analyzed by head space gas chromatography (head space-GC) with FID detector, previous transformation in methyl formate, essentially as described by Abolin. Formic acid concentration was between 0.03 and 1.10g/l in the samples under study. A good correlation between blood and brain, but poor between blood and the remaining tissues was found. Obtained data suggested that the use of blood and brain could help to improve the analysis of formic acid intoxication. The best correlation among organs was found between lung and kidney for all groups (r(2)=0.91, 0.84 and 0.87, corresponding to groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Lethality index was defined as LI = (concentration of formic acid in blood in (g/l)/0.5) x 100, taking into account that 0.5g/l is the concentration reported by Mahieu in severe methanol poisoning. LI parameter was used to estimate formic acid incidence on the lethality of methanol poisoning cases. LI showed a good correlation with total formic acid concentration of the different tissues analyzed (r(2)=0.80). Furthermore, LI allowed us to discriminate between individuals that received therapeutic treatment and survived different periods. LI>100 indicated a severe intoxication and short survival time if the victim was assisted with ethanol therapy and hemodialysis was not applied. With regard to victims who received no therapeutic treatment and died in few hours, LI was in the range 40-100. LI was below 40 for individuals that survived more than 3 days and hemodialysis was not performed. Results showed the importance of performing formic acid analysis to diagnose severe methanol intoxication in post-mortem cases.     

Determination of formic acid tissue and fluid concentrations in three fatalities due to methanol poisoning

Three fatalities caused by methanol ingestion are reported. Admission blood methanol concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 4.6 g/L. Two patients had been admitted after a significant delay (>20 hours), and one patient was observed within 90 minutes following ingestion. Formic acid levels were determined in blood samples at admission and ranged from 302 to 680 mg/L. The patients died 44, 55, and 82 hours after poisoning. Formic acid determinations in postmortem tissues were performed by a gas chromatograph method. The authors found great variability in formic acid distribution among the patients and among organs.     

Electroretinogram and Histopathologic Changes of the Retina after Methanol Intoxication

In order to study the functional and structural alterations of the retina in SD rat model after methanol intoxication,35 rats were divided randomly into five groups administrated with saline,3-day high dose,7-day high dose,3-day low dose and 7-day low dose methanol separately.The retinal function of each group was assessed by flash electroretinogram(F-ERG) 3 and 7 days after methanol poisoning.The microstructure and ultrastructure of the retina were observed at the same time.The high-dose methanol intoxication induced irreversible retinal functional and structural damages 3 days after poisoning,which included prolonged latency and reduced amplitude of the Max-reaction of F-ERG.These injuries were aggravated 7 days after poisoning.Meanwhile,the latency and amplitude of the Cone-reaction of F-ERG were also affected 3 days after poisoning,but there were no further worsening tendency 7 days after poisoning.The retinal histological analysis showed cellular edema,heteromorphy and disarrangement,tissular loosen of the inner nuclear layer and photoreceptors layer.The mitochondrial damage began at the photoreceptors layer and developed further into the inner nuclear layer.The low-dose methanol intoxication only caused transient damage of the retina.Our results showed that the function and structure of the photoreceptor and inner nuclear layer were the primary target of methanol intoxication and that the rod cells were more sensitive to methanol intoxication than the cone cells.The mitochondrial damage developed from outer layer to inner layer of the retina.     

Identification and quantitation of xenobiotics by 1H NMR spectroscopy in poisoning cases

In order to analyse a wide range of xenobiotics and their metabolites present in biological fluids, NMR spectroscopy can be used. A large variety of xenobiotics (therapeutic agents, pesticides, solvents, alcohols) can be characterized and quantitated directly, without sample preparation. NMR investigations were applied to acute poisoning cases, involving drugs such as salicylates and valproic acid (VPA). In a salicylate poisoning case, the three major metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid have been detected in crude urine, and rapid identification of lysine revealed the origin of the intoxication, namely lysine acetylsalicylate (Aspegic). Valproic acid as its glucuronide was identified in urine samples from two poisoned patients. 1H NMR was also used to identify and quantitate paraquat (Gramoxone) in urine owing to its two aromatic signals at 8.49 and 9.02 ppm, in two acutely poisoned patients (183 and 93 mg/l). An intentional poisoning case with tetrahydrofuran (THF) was also investigated. Serum and urine samples were collected. THF was characterized by its resonances at 1.90 and 3.76 ppm, and quantified at 813 and 850 mg/l in the two biological fluids, respectively. Moreover, two other compounds were detected: lactate and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of serum samples from three poisoned patients revealed methanol in one case and ethylene glycol in the two others. Moreover, in the same spectrum, the corresponding metabolites formate and glycolate were found. Compared with the reference chromatographic or spectrophotometric methods, requiring time-consuming extraction and/or derivatization steps, NMR spectroscopy allows the determination of many exogenous and endogenous compounds, without any pre-selection of the analytes.     

Methyl alcohol poisoning in Trabzon (Turkey)

The aim of this retrospective study was to examine methyl alcohol intoxications in Trabzon (Turkey) and to determine any relations between the laboratory results and histopathologic changes. A total of 4492 forensic autopsies were performed from 1998 to 2008. Thirteen of the cases (0.3%) were because of methanol poisoning, and all were men. Their ages ranged from 25 to 62 years. The blood methanol concentrations ranged widely, from 15 to 482 mg/dL. In six cases, poisoning was because of consumption of the alcoholic beverage "Raki," while in five cases, poisoning was because of the ingestion of cologne. The products consumed were unknown in the other two cases because of insufficient history and data records. Mortality because of methanol poisoning may be prevented/decreased with the implementation of some precautions, such as public education regarding the harms of methyl alcohol, routine monitoring of the vendors that sell alcoholic beverages and cologne, and appropriate legal retribution for the illegal production of methanol.     

Profenofos metabolites in human poisoning

Profenofos and its metabolites were determined in a case of fatal poisoning. Little profenofos and large amounts of metabolites were detected by gas chromatography/flame photometric detection in the acid extracts of blood and urine after methylation with diazomethane. Four major metabolites containing phosphorus were identified with the synthesized metabolites, namely, despropylated profenofos, desethylated profenofos and des-S-propylated profenofos, respectively. 4-Bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP), an aryl moiety of profenofos, was also determined in blood and urine with high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) as free or conjugated metabolites.     

度冷丁在家兔体内的代谢分布研究

建立生物检材中度冷丁及其代谢物去甲度冷丁的GC／NPD系统分析方法,研究染毒家兔体内度冷丁的原体及代谢物分布情况,测定1例肌肉注射度冷丁过量致死者体内度冷丁和去甲度冷丁浓度。组织检材经酸水解后,在碱性条件下用乙醚提取,残余物用25μl甲醇溶解后进行气相分析。度冷丁的提取回收率高于60％,相对标准偏差小于12％;染毒家兔体内度冷丁浓度下降很快,去甲度冷丁浓度较低;度冷丁和去甲度冷丁在染毒家兔各脏器中含量分布除血液外与度冷丁过量致死者体内分布一致,尿中度冷丁和去甲度冷丁浓度最高,肝脏中浓度明显低于其它脏器。此结果为中毒检案的最佳检材选择和对毒物分析结果评价提供了科学依据。     

The forensic medical diagnosis of intoxication of alcohol surrogates by morphological findings

The pathomorphology of intoxication of alcohol surrogates is described. A high frequency rate of DIC-syndrome is shown for the condition. A majority of thrombi accumulates at places with the highest concentrations of toxic substances as well as at those places, through which poisoning substances are brought out of the body, i.e. in the liver (since toxic substances are introduced perorally) and kidneys. Thrombi were detected in all internals, including the brain, in lethal intoxication. The immediate toxic effect from methanol and from higher spirits can matter in the genesis of changes, including acute swelling and chromatolysis with subsequent cell death. Exclusively cerebral or coagulopathic-cerebral types of thanatogenesis were registered in studied case of intoxication.     

A suicide using a homemade carbon monoxide "death machine"

Deaths related to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning are common. Most represent accidents and suicides, and most result from CO production via the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances. Suicide via CO toxicity is not uncommon and typically involves the use of motor-vehicle exhaust as a source of CO. Presented herein is a case of suicidal CO poisoning in which the CO was produced via a chemical reaction between formic acid and sulfuric acid within a homemade device.     

389例不同年份的中毒尸检资料对比分析

本文报告近16年来(1983～1998)本教研室检验的中毒尸检158例,并与本教研室1983年以前26年(1957～1982)的中毒尸检231例进行对比分析.发现中毒毒物的种类在近16年虽然仍以有机磷农药为主,但敌敌畏中毒在90年代后则明显减少,相反新型有机磷农药及其它新型农药则逐渐增加;杀鼠剂、醇类、麻醉品及毒品呈明显增多趋势,而金属盐类毒物则减少较明显.90年代后,杀鼠剂投毒及医源性或非法行医所致药物中毒案例显著增多.