尿中度冷丁,去甲度冷丁的浓度分析及评价

本研究考察了5名健康志愿者和140例度冷丁滥用者尿中度冷丁和代谢产物去甲度冷丁的浓度变化，发现二者的代谢物和原体浓度比有显著性差异。提出代谢物和原体的浓度比可以作为判断是否滥用度冷丁的参考依据。     

度冷丁滥用者毛发分段分析及其结果评价

以度冷丁滥用者为研究对象,在度冷丁滥用者毛发中检出度冷丁及代谢物去甲度冷丁、N一羟甲基度冷丁和N-乙酰度冷丁。60例度冷丁滥用者头发中度冷丁和去甲度冷丁的含量分别为103±130ng／mg和117±143ng／mg。度冷丁稳定地存在于头发中,检出时限至少为药后20个月,而去甲度冷丁则随着离头发根距离的增加而降低。头发分段分析揭示度冷丁在毛干中的分布和滥用史、剂量和含量存在相关性。     

度冷丁在豚鼠毛发中的分布研究

目的探讨度冷丁在毛发中的分布状况。方法通过动物实验-给豚鼠持续腹腔注射度冷丁,探讨度冷丁在豚鼠毛发中出现与消失的时间过程及注射剂量与毛发中的含量关系。结果给豚鼠隔日连续腹腔注射度冷丁7次,第4天可在豚鼠毛发中检出度冷丁,第8天达浓度高峰,停止注射后第5天检不出度冷丁;豚鼠毛发中度冷丁含量与度冷丁的注射剂量有关,但无明显的线性关系。结论研究结果为实际案例分析结果的评价提供依据。     

家兔死后体内2-氨基噻唑啉-4-羧酸分布研究

目的建立家兔氰化钾灌胃给药致死动物模型,研究氰化物代谢物2-氨基噻唑啉-4-羧酸(ATCA)在家兔体内的死后分布规律。方法雄性家兔7只(体重约2.0kg~2.5kg)经口灌胃2LD50(10mg/kg)氰化钾水溶液,观察家兔反应,待家兔呼吸、心跳和反射全部消失后立即对家兔进行解剖取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、睾丸、胃壁、肌肉等组织检材以及心血、玻璃体液、尿液等体液检材置于-80℃冷冻保存待检。液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定生物检材中氰化物代谢物ATCA的含量,对其在各个组织的分布进行比较并寻找规律。结果氰化钾灌胃后家兔出现呼吸频率加快,走路乏力,癫痫大发作样抽搐,后瞳孔散大,肌肉松弛,各种反射消失,似"电击样"死亡。死亡后测得心血中氰基(CN-)平均浓度为11.81μg/ml。死后0h氰化物代谢物ATCA在家兔体内的分布如下:脾>肺>肾>肝、脑>睾丸>心血>心、胃壁>玻璃体液>右下肢肌肉>尿。结论大剂量氰化物中毒致死后其代谢物ATCA在家兔体内分布不均匀,在脾中最高,尿中最低。在疑似氰化物中毒致死案件的法医学鉴定中,除采取心血外,还应全面正确采集分布量较高的脾、肺、肾和肝组织进行氰化物代谢物ATCA的定性定量分析。     

溴敌隆及其代谢物-苄叉丙酮在犬体内的死后分布

目的研究溴敌隆及其代谢物-苄叉丙酮在中毒致死犬体内死后分布规律,为溴敌隆中毒检材的采取提供实验依据。方法分别经口给予犬2倍和4倍LD_(50)溴敌隆,待其死亡后迅速解剖取材,气相色谱-质谱联用法测定心血、外周血、尿、胆汁、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、左下肢肌、膀胱、胃、胃内容、胰等脏器和体液中溴敌隆和代谢物-苄叉丙酮的含量。结果犬经2倍和4倍LD_(50)溴敌隆灌胃染毒后3d开始出现出血症状,(178.40±20.94)h后死亡。溴敌隆和代谢物-苄叉丙酮在各组织脏器及体液中的死后分布为:溴敌隆2LD_(50)组溴敌隆:胆汁尿、肝、心、肾心血、外周血、脾、肺等;苄叉丙酮:胆汁、尿、心血、外周血、肺、胃内容中含量高于其他脏器。溴敌隆4LD_(50)组溴敌隆:胆汁、尿肝、外周血心血、胃内容物等脏器。苄叉丙酮:胆汁、尿、肺浓度高于其他脏器。结论溴敌隆及其代谢物-苄叉丙酮在中毒致死犬体内死后分布不均匀,溴敌隆在胆汁、尿、肝脏、心血和外周血含量较高,代谢物-苄叉丙酮在胆汁、尿、肺较高。胆汁、尿、肝脏、心血、外周血可作为疑似溴敌隆中毒毒物分析的检材。     

阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布研究

目的考察阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布。方法按最小致死量一次性灌胃250mg/kg阿维菌素,HPLC法检测家兔死后0h、24h、48h和72h中阿维菌素的含量。结果给家兔一次性灌胃250mg/kg阿维菌素的临床死亡时间为120.6±9.2min(±s,n=10);测定了阿维菌素的致死血浓度和致死组织浓度;家兔死后0h~72h心血和各主要脏器组织中阿维菌素含量存在体内再分布现象;确定肝、肾、肺为最佳组织检材。结论阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布数据,对法医办理此类案件具有重要参考价值。     

全血中度冷丁的气—联用法测定及代谢动力学的研究

应用气－质联用选择离子法测定全血中度冷丁的浓度。方法线性范围为０．００２～１ｎｇ／ｍｌ（ｒ＝０．９９９７），变异系数小于１０％，最低检测限过１ｎｇ／ｍｌ，无杂质干扰。本法已用于肌注８０ｍｇ度冷丁后代谢动力学的研究。     

地西泮及去甲地西泮在大鼠体内的死后再分布研究

目的观察地西泮及其主要代谢物去甲地西泮在大鼠体内的死后再分布特点。方法大鼠24只,随机分成8组,以安定90 mg/kg灌胃,2 h后脱颈椎处死,左侧卧位,分别置于室温(10℃)条件下,于死后不同时间(0h、2h、4h、8h、12h、24h、48h、96h)取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、大脑、肌肉,固相萃取、高效液相色谱法检测其中地西泮及其主要代谢物去甲地西泮的含量。结果地西泮及其主要代谢物去甲地西泮在染毒处死大鼠内各时间点、各脏器都有分布并呈现出一定的规律性。结论地西泮及其主要代谢物去甲地西泮在染毒处死大鼠内可发生死后再分布。     

阿普唑仑在家兔体内的分布研究

建立生物检材内阿普唑仑的薄层扫描定性定量检测方法，研究阿普唑仑在染毒家兔体内的分布情况。家兔按21mg/Kg剂量灌胃染毒后4h，其体内肝、脾、肾、肺、心、脑、血、胆汁和尿内阿普唑仑的浓度分别为19．6±6．1、3．3±0．5、3．5±0．3、0．4±0．1、0．4±0．1、1．6±1．8、4．0±1．3、20．4±8．5和8.6±2．4（ug／g或ug／ml）。阿普唑仑在染毒家兔体内的分布不均匀，血、胆汁和尿是阿普唑仑中毒死者毒物分析较好的检材。     

家兔血液和尿液中氯胺酮浓度的相关性

目的研究家兔尿液中氯胺酮及代谢物去甲氯胺酮浓度与血药浓度的动态相关性。方法实验家兔分为氯胺酮灌胃组、静脉注射组和对照组,分别于染毒前和染毒后不同时间点收集尿液和血液。气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)全扫描定性、气相色谱(GC)定量分析血液和尿液样品中氯胺酮及去甲氯胺酮的浓度。采用双变量Pearson相关分析研究尿液中药物浓度和血药浓度的相关性。结果氯胺酮灌胃组和静脉注射组给药后各时间点氯胺酮及去甲氯胺酮在尿液和血液中的浓度相关系数范围在0.11～0.69之间。结论氯胺酮及去甲氯胺酮在尿液和血液中的浓度相关性较差,尿液药物浓度并不能直接反映血药浓度,因此用尿液中氯胺酮浓度推断血药浓度时应慎重考虑。     

Detection of meperidine and its metabolites in the hair of meperidine addicts

The presence of meperidine and its metabolites in the hair of meperidine addicts was investigated using GC–MS (EI, PCI). Meperidine and its three metabolites – normeperidine, N-methoxy meperidine and acetyl normeperidine, were found in hair samples from addicted subjects. Methods for the simultaneous determination of meperidine and its metabolites by GC–MS-SIM were also established for human hair samples. After the addition of d₄-meperidine as an internal standard, hair samples weighing 5 mg were incubated in 0.1 M HCl at 45°C overnight, and the resulting digests were extracted with ether. The recoveries were greater than 80%, with coefficients of variation (CVs) between 4.48 and 8.31%. The calibration curves for meperidine and normeperidine in hair were linear over a concentration range of 1 to 500 ng per mg of hair, with correlation coefficients of r=0.9990 and r=0.9992, respectively. Values less than 0.25 ng/mg of hair were cut off. Hair samples obtained from 60 drug addicts were analyzed using this method, and the content of meperidine and normeperidine was determined to be 103±130 and 117±143 ng/mg, respectively. Sectional analysis revealed that meperidine was present and stable in hair for at least 20 months, but normeperidine content at the level of the hair root was higher compared to the tip of the hair shaft. The results also revealed that there was a correlation between the subject’s drug abuse history and the distribution of drug along the hair shaft, and between the doses of meperidine and drug content presented in hair.     

The stability of tetramine, morphine and meperidine in formalin solution.

The stability of tetramine, morphine and meperidine in formalin solution is an important factor for drug analysis in forensic investigation. In this paper, the tissues (liver, kidney, lung and heart) from poisoned rabbits were immersed in 50 ml 10% formalin solutions for 4 months before examination. We compared the levels of tetramine, morphine, meperidine and the main metabolite normeperidine, measured by GC/NPD or GC-MS, in frozen rabbit tissues, formalin-fixed rabbit tissues, and formalin solution. There was a decrease in the levels of tetramine, morphine, meperidine in formalin-preserved tissues compared with the levels of these drugs in the frozen tissues. It is suggested that the formalin-fixed tissues and formalin solution should be analyzed at the same time to assure the accurate results.     

Lethal effects of normeperidine.

Normeperidine, having a longer half-life than meperidine, can accumulate faster. Its excitatory neurotoxicity is manifest with administration of multiple meperidine doses or in cases of renal failure. This is a report of the lethal effects of normeperidine in a patient with renal failure who had abused meperidine.     

氯氮平在家兔体内死后再分布规律研究

目的阐明死后48h内家兔体内氯氮平再分布规律,为相关法医鉴定工作提供借鉴。方法取家兔15只,随机分为5组,以氯氮平灌胃,分别于死后0、6、12、24、48h取心血、外周静脉血、尿液、肝组织检测氯氮平浓度。结果家兔死亡后心血、外周静脉血、肝脏氯氮平浓度不断升高,尿液氯氮平浓度不断降低;死后早期浓度变化率大于晚期浓度变化率。死后48h心血、外周静脉血、肝脏、尿液氯氮平浓度分别为死后0h各检材氯氮平浓度的418%、193%、154%和29%。结论死亡一段时间后,提取生物检材,检测出的氯氮平浓度并不能准确反映刚死时的实际浓度。     

Simultaneous determination of pethidine (meperidine), phenoperidine, and norpethidine (normeperidine), their common metabolite, by gas chromatography with selective nitrogen detection

This article describes a selective gas chromatographic method for the resolution and quantification of phenoperidine and its two metabolites, pethidine (meperidine) and norpethidine (normeperidine). Drugs and SKF 525 A, the internal standard, are separated from plasma by solvent extraction under alkaline conditions. They are chromatographed on a 3% OV-17 Chromosorb Q glass column and detected with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector. Linearity is observed in the study range (5-200 ng/ml). No interference by endogenous substances is noted.     

度冷丁滥用者尿中原体及其代谢产物的分析研究

本研究利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ（ＥＩ．ＰＣＩ）技术，在度冷丁滥用者尿中确认了６种代谢产物。并建立了ＧＣ／ＦＩＤ分析度冷丁及其代谢产物的方法。方法线性范围为０．１～２０μｇ／ｍｌ，变异系数小于１０％，最小检出量为５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，适用于度冷丁成瘾者尿中含量的测定。     

钾中毒死亡家兔的尸体化学变化

目的研究家兔钾中毒死亡后的尸体化学变化特征,为钾中毒的法医学鉴定提供参考。方法采用浓度为0.3%和1%的KCl葡萄糖溶液分别以全速和100滴/min的速度输给家兔,至其死亡,测定家兔输液前后血、尿电解质浓度,比较两种不同输液方式所致钾中毒死亡后尸体化学变化特征。结果输钾前后,家兔血清K (SK)浓度升高,血清Na 、Ca2 、Cl-及HCO3-浓度均降低,全血K (TK)及血清Mg2 浓度变化无显著性差异。0.3%KCl组致死输液时间长于1%组(P=0.006),致死输钾量无显著性差异(P=0.062);TK、血清Na 、Mg2 及Cl-浓度变化值具有显著差异,SK、Ca2 、HCO3-浓度变化值无显著差异;尿量和尿液各电解质浓度指标未见显著性差异。结论尸体SK、TK及血清Mg2 浓度升高,有助于钾中毒的法医学死后诊断。     

曲马多在家兔体内的死后分布研究

目的研究曲马多在中毒家兔体内死后分布规律,为曲马多中毒检材采取提供实验依据。方法家兔经口给予10倍LD50曲马多,待家兔死亡后迅速解剖取样,气相色谱／质谱联用和气相色谱-FTD法测定其体液、脏器、大脑及右上肢和右下肢肌肉中曲马多的含量,比较其变化规律。结果血液和肝脏中曲马多的最低检出限分别为0．05μg/mL和0．05μg/g,提取回收率为97．60％±0．65％～103．10％±1．24％。曲马多在家兔体内的死后分布为：肾〉胃〉肝〉脾〉肺〉脑〉心〉上肢肌肉〉下肢肌肉〉〉体液（尿〉胆汁、心血〉玻璃体液）。结论大剂量曲马多中毒致死后在体内分布不均匀,组织中曲马多含量明显高于心血、胆汁等体液。