“监狱行刑悖论”的法律社会学分析——以福柯的“微观权力”理论为视角

"监狱行刑悖论"是指监狱的隔离监禁手段与实现犯罪人重返社会的目的之间存在根本性冲突。福柯在其独特的"微观权力"视角之下,以"规训"话语重构了"监狱行刑悖论"的本质、生成机理和社会功能。以新颖的思维进路揭示出"监狱行刑悖论"根源于被行刑人"主体性"的减损和丧失;提示研究者避免"监狱成为自身补救措施"的理论死循环;并要求重视行刑过程中"多元权力"的运行对行刑效果的重要影响。福柯以后现代风格的观察视角为研究和克服"监狱行刑悖论"提供了法律社会学意义上理论参照。     

监狱惩罚性权力运用之特性分析

刑罚的本质属性决定了监狱行刑必须以惩罚为前提。但由于监狱的惩罚性权力如同一把双刃剑，用之不当会对监狱行刑产生破坏性影响。因此，作为行刑机关的监狱对这种权力的运用要慎之又慎，重视这种权力运用的合法性、节俭性和对罪犯权利的保障性。     

假释权的定位与我国假释制度的完善

我国现有假释权定位不当，导致了假释效率极低，这影响了刑罚教育改造罪犯目的的实现。必须在教育刑理念的指导下，把我国假释权定位于行政权性质，赋予监狱行刑机关以假释决定权。与此相适应，应建立监狱假释委员会，对罪犯是否假释作出准确及时的决定。为防止权力滥用，应完善听证和公示制度，对假释权予以社会监督。     

试论检察机关在监狱行刑与社区刑罚转换中的角色定位

就我国现状而言,在监狱行刑与社区刑罚的转换过程中,起着主导作用的往往是刑罚执行机关,存在严重的行政性倾向,且因缺乏相应监督,致使转换程序混乱,权力被滥用。本文指出,为改变这种现状,发挥检察机关的法律监督职能,强化其在转换中的主体地位势在必行。     

监狱行刑权解析

监狱刑作为刑罚的一个种类，具有四个特点，即本质上的报应性，内容上的特定性，程度上的限定性，后盾上的暴力性。监狱行刑是指监狱对受刑人进行“剥夺程度决定权与限制自由实体权”的具体行为的总和。我国监狱行刑权由强制权、引导权、激励权三种权力组成。在行使监狱行刑权时要防止将“监狱刑罚内容”与“监狱执行刑罚的内容”和“监狱行刑权”混为一谈；要高度重视‘‘监狱行刑权”的与时俱进；要切实把握监狱行刑权的边界范围。     

树立和谐社会的行刑理念研究

监狱在建设和谐社会过程中,面临着多层的不和谐因素。传统行刑观念弥漫着报应主义、义务本位主义和绝对权力主义色彩,与现代科学的行刑制度格格不入。行刑理念应成为监狱行刑改革的先导。分析目前监狱和谐社会建设以及改造罪犯工作中不和谐因素,解构传统行刑思维,以期探索建构与和谐社会相适应的行刑理念。     

论监狱行刑效益

正《监狱法》第1条规定:"为了正确执行刑罚,惩罚和改造罪犯,预防和减少犯罪,根据宪法,制定本法。"第3条规定:"监狱对罪犯实行惩罚和改造相结合、教育和劳动相结合的原则,将罪犯改造成为守法公民。"上述规定明确了监狱行刑的任务、原则和目的,但监狱行刑资源有限,而实现监狱行刑任务目的的追求无限,所以应充分重视监狱行刑效益问题。一、监狱行刑效益的内容(一)监狱行刑成本行刑成本是指在行刑过程中,为开展行刑活动所     

监狱行刑权略论

行刑权是指国家的刑事司法机关依法享有的将法院的生效裁判付诸实施，对罪犯执行刑罚的权力。行刑权最基本的执行主体是监狱，在法治社会下，由于监狱法制的不完善、监狱司法主体地位的缺失以及监狱理念的滞后，我国监狱行刑权出现了错位。这导致监狱在改造和预防犯罪方面没有发挥应有的作用，刑罚特殊预防的功能没有得到充分的展示。鉴于此，必须完善监狱制度，为行刑权的良性运作提供制度支持；剔除经济因素，以纯化行刑权主体的刑事司法机关性质。为了充分利用社会资源改造罪犯，行刑权的运行应当社会化。     

监狱行刑程序设计和运行中的问题及对策

监狱行刑程序作为一种法律程序，它是监狱行刑法律关系主体在行刑过程中所必须遵循和履行的法定的时间和空间上的步骤和形式。设计监狱行刑程序时应当由理性的行刑目的来指导和牵引，创设合理、有效的行刑制度，构建严密、通畅的行刑程序，并且行刑程序应当出于保护罪犯人权的人道主义精神。在实际运行过程中，监狱行刑程序要遵循依法、公开、公正、讲求效率和社会化等基本原则。目前，我国监狱行刑程序存在诸多问题，主要为行刑体系不完整和行刑机制不健全。解决这些问题，需从思想上提高对监狱行刑程序价值的认识，需健全和完善监狱行刑制度，完善监狱行刑程序，健全服刑人员的维权机制，及时对相关法律进行清理，重构我国监狱行刑程序。     

依法治监就是依法行政——与胡炳卿同志商榷

监狱究竟是不是国家行政机关，这个问题决定依法治监如何定位。监狱在法律上属于国家行政机关，行使国家行政权力。“行刑”和“行刑机关”不是规范的法律用语。监狱作为刑罚执行机关，并不妨碍它同时也成为国家行政机关。依法治监就是监狱系统的依法行政。     

行刑程序与监狱监督论纲——侧重比较研究和可行性的分析

行刑监督是行刑程序不可缺少的重要组成部分。对监狱行刑公权力实行具有一定独立性的监督,不仅有利于保护犯人权益,也有利于监狱对犯人的教育和监狱安全。在我国实行由社会力量进行的独立监督,具有一定的法律和实践基础,是可行的,同时有国外经验可资借鉴。这一机制的建立有利于对公权力实施有效的监督。     

假释本质研究——兼论假释权的性质及归属

假释是一项历史悠久的刑罚执行制度,但刑法理论对假释的本质至今尚未形成统一的认识。在当代,假释已从一种国家对个别罪犯的恩惠演变成罪犯普遍享有的一种权利,是罪犯在自由刑执行过程中保持良善行为的结果。因而,在关于假释本质的各种学说中,假释权利说是合理的。假释权利说是以现代刑法思想为指导的对假释本质的全新的诠释,是国家对罪犯刑罚观念和关系的嬗变在假释本质理论上的具体反映。由假释的本质所决定,假释权应是一种行政权而非司法权,假释权应由行政性质的狱政部门或专门的假释委员会行使。     

The Consequences of Prisoners’ Micro‐Resistance

For more than twenty years, scholars have called for greater attention to the consequences of micro‐resistance to legality. Using archival data from Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary (1829–1875), I examine the consequences of noncompliant prisoner behavior. I find that prisoners’ noncompliance often entailed substantial costs to prisoners, particularly in comparison to the substantial benefits of complying with the prison regime. Despite its cost to prisoners, noncompliance did not have a single set of uniformly negative consequences for the prison regime. In fact, some forms of noncompliance may have actually protected the prison's reputation. Prison administrators, external allies, and critics used episodes of noncompliance for their own goals and to reinforce their preexisting claims about the propriety of competing prison designs, yielding this variable significance of noncompliance. As this study illustrates, connecting prisoner misconduct to power dynamics in the broader field produces a fuller understanding of micro‐resistance's consequences.     

监所检察监督的问题与对策探析

近年来,各级检察机关认真落实最高人民检察院《关于加强和改进监所检察工作的决定》,加大了对刑罚执行和监管活动的监督力度,监管执法的能力和水平明显提升,侵害在押人员合法权益的问题得到了有效遏制。但是在押人员非正常死亡、违法变更刑罚执行等问题尚未在司法实践中得到彻底解决,监所检察仍然是检察机关法律监督中的薄弱环节。这些不足和问题,反映了当前监所检察运行在监督理念、基础保障、监督方式等方面还有待加强和改进。因此,坚持"三个维护"的监所检察指导思想,加强监所检察建设,促进工作机制和监督方式创新,应是我们完善监所检察监督必须认真研究和思考的问题。     

转型时期看守所“80后”在押人员监管问题的规律与治理对策

“80后”在押人员呈逐年上升趋势，已成为违反监规和监管事故的主体。针对看守所“80后”在押人员违反监管的问题，研究“80后”在押人员关押情况、违反监管行为产生的原因和违反监规及监管事故发生的规律，并围绕确保监所安全中心工作，提出以落实监所保障机制为基础、规范监管执法为关键、建立科学防控体系为保证、化解在押人员贫富矛盾为根本的治理对策。     

Same Difference: The “Dilemma of Difference” and the Incarceration of Transgender Prisoners

This article examines the “dilemma of difference” transgender prisoners pose and face within a sex‐segregated prison system organized around the pursuit of safety and security. Our analysis uses data from a study of the culture and experiences of transgender prisoners in four men's prisons. Using qualitative data from interviews with transgender prisoners, focus groups with prisoners, and focus groups with staff, our findings reveal a common contention that transgender prisoners are (according to staff) and should be (according to prisoners) treated like everyone else, despite their unique situations. This further demonstrates the stakes that this dilemma carries for the prison regime and transgender prisoners’ roles in challenging it without engaging in overt resistance—which carries high stakes for them. Accordingly, we elucidate how the rigidity of an institutional structure built on inherent contradictions can have the potential to complicate the achievement of institutional goals.     

服刑人员分级处遇制度研究

分级处遏制度是行刑个性化和刑罚人道的重要内容，具有激励服刑人员改过自新的重要功能，同时也是监狱调控服刑人员改造行为建立良好监管秩序的重要手段。分级处遏制度本身具有较强的技术性和专业性，需要精巧的立法设计和科学的实施。而受旧有的行刑观念和制度的影响，我国现有的分级处遏制度还比较粗疏和薄弱，激励机制明显不足，对推动服刑人员的矫正工作相当不利。亟待从立法、运作措施和人员专业化等方面进行完善。     

低警戒度监狱功能定位与行刑特点研究

低警戒度监狱主要关押人身危险性较低的罪犯,根据有关法律规定和别国实践证明,应当具有区别于其他警戒度监狱的功能定位：矫正重于惩罚、培训重于劳动、互动重于监督、回归重于防逃.相应地,低警戒度监狱的行刑系统应当是循环开放的,安全防范措施可以明显减少,要使低警戒度监狱成为罪犯在其他监狱接受改造的动因和结束其刑事犯罪生涯的乐土.     

The decline in sexual assaults in men's prisons in New South Wales: a "systems" approach

Male prison rape and sexual assaults remains a serious and sensitive issue in many countries. Human rights groups claim that sexual assaults among male prisoners have reached pandemic proportions and need to be stopped. Researchers for many years have studied the causes of male sexual assault in prison and offered numerous recommendations on its prevention. Few, however, have presented evidence for a decline in male prisoner sexual assaults and investigated the reasons for the decline. This article provides evidence from population-based surveys of a steady decrease in male prisoner sexual assaults in New South Wales (NSW) between 1996 and 2009. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with former and current inmates, and using a "systems" approach they discuss the complexity of sexual assaults in prison, incorporating a multiplicity of perspectives. In particular, they bring together different sources of data and discuss this in relation to changes in power structures and control in a modern prison, the attitudes of older and younger prisoners, the concept of "duty of care," introduction of prison drug programs, and prisoner attitudes toward gender and sexuality. In anthropology, the term "system" is used widely for describing sociocultural phenomena of a given society in a holistic manner without reducing the complexity of a given community.     

Rating the prison boss: Examining supervision among prison health care staff

Health care staff are instrumental in prisons given their roles in aiding security and the growing demand for medical services among prisoners. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to this prison staff subpopulation. This study examined perceptions of supervision among 424 prison health care staff in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Participants felt that prison supervisors were most effective in clarifying expectations and least effective in giving feedback for performance, involving staff in planning, and extending job autonomy. Using hierarchical linear models (HLM), some unique findings emerged. Efficacy in dealing with inmates was the strongest predictor variable: health care staff who felt more positive and effective with inmates had more favorable feelings toward supervision. Staff working in high- and medium-security prisons had more positive feelings toward supervision than those in minimum security, and younger staff had more favorable attitudes toward supervisors than older staff. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.