班固“法自然”观初探

“法自然”现贯穿于《汉书·刑法志》全篇,是班固的法律现的核心。“法自然”观认为,法律秩序是普遍自然秩序的一个组成部分,理想的法律应效法自然而创制。对于在固“法自然”观的表现、思想基础、理论价值等问题应进行深入探讨。     

Positive Law and Systemic Legitimacy: A Comment on Hart and Habermas*

Abstract
The author revisits H. L. A. Hart's theory of positive law and argues for a major qualification to the thesis of the separation of law and morality based on a concept of systemic legitimacy derived from the social theory of Jurgen Habermas. He argues that standards for assessing the degree of systemic legitimacy in modern legal systems can develop through reflective exercise of "critical legality," a concept coined to parallel Hart's "critical morality," and an expanded understanding of the "external" and "internal" perspectives on legal systems. Following Habermas, he argues that modern positive law must retain systemic legitimacy. After suggesting criteria for measuring systemic legitimacy, the author concludes that the concept provides a useful approach to contemporary problems of "lawless" regimes and "law's imperialism."     

"自然人"的社会与"自然人"的法律

现代化的法律语境之下,“自然人”还能否有存在的位置?当法律日益与人们的本性疏离的时候,这是否是一种可欲的法律?作为调整人的特定行为的规则,法律应当与人性、人的欲望与需求相联系。简单地说,法律应当为个人的自然生存留下特定的空间,为个人的自然性的保护创造条件。     

中国传统契约中的“契约自由”与“主体平等”——以清水江文书为视角

中国法律传统虽以"公法"为主要特征,强调以身份关系为纽带的"公权力",但在"私法"领域,却并非不重视以自由和平等为基础的"私权利"。在中国传统契约与清水江文书中,均普遍存有关于"契约自由"与"主体平等"这样一种"契约型社会"的私法观念。在契约自由方面,主要通过"二主和同"、"两和立契"等契约语言来体现契约是双方协商一致,达成合意的结果;在主体平等方面,则通过"两共平章"、"平中立约"等用语来表明立约双方具有平等的人格与主体地位。而这样一种注重合意、平等立约的私法观念,以及尊重契约、敬畏契约,通过契约保护自身合法权利的精神,是当今我国法治化建设过程中重要的本土资源与宝贵财富。在提倡尊重契约精神、保护私权利等法治观念的今天,亦能够为我国法治的现代化进程提供历史的和本土的基因。     

整合进路中的发展策略:伯克利学派的理论纲领——兼评《转变中的法律与社会:迈向回应型法》

伯克利学派是在工具主义思路和改革法制、解决社会问题的指向下探求一种规范主义的法社会学,力图超越自然法和法律实证主义的二元对立,重新整合法律、政治和社会的理论.伯克利学派的理论纲领主要沿着一种整合进路展开,其中所运用的发展策略对其法律理想类型的建构起着重要作用,但也存在自相矛盾:强调法律的"内在动力"而忽视外部条件;法律理想类型的构建与强烈的社会改革倾向之间呈现一种紧张,从而弱化了这一理论的有效性.     

围绕“人格”问题的法理论辩

"人格"问题在法学与法律上都是个众说纷纭的概念,由此也引起学界对其意义、范围以及与其它概念相区别的争论。诸如"人格的概念在法律上是否必需?","人格概念是否仅存在于私法制度之中?","人格"的概念是否与"法律主体"、"权利能力"的内涵相同?……等等,都常常引起人们的关注。作为法学、法律上的一个基础概念,人格有其存在的特殊意义,它既在私法上成为法律主体建构的基石,也在公法上为人的平等提供了依据。同时,人格既不等同于法律主体,也不类似于权利能力,而是法学、法律上具有独特内涵的专门范畴。     

也论中国法学向何处去

近些年,中国法学正依循着"知识—文化法学"的进路前行;法学研究越发成为疏离社会现实而自闭、自洽和价值自证的文化活动。受此影响,中国法学对法治实践的贡献度和影响力正不断减弱。形成这种状况的重要原因之一是,中国法治实践并不完全符合法学人对法治的愿望和期待,从而导致一部分法学人放弃对法治实践的关注和参与。本文认为,中国实行法治的主要难点在于,传统法治理论以及西方法治模式中被认为具有普适性的某些原理、原则以及制度遭遇到中国具体国情的挑战。因此,中国法学应当立基于"法治的中国因素",直面中国的法治实践,对在中国这片土壤中如何实行法治做出自己的回答,为中国法治的创造性实践提供应有的智慧。     

"Pro-life" absolutes, feminist challenges: the fundamentalist narrative of Irish abortion law 1986-1992

This article asks how Irish abortion law developed to the point of stopping a young pregnant rape victim from travelling abroad to have an abortion in 1992 (Attorney General v.X). The author argues that this case, which ultimately saw the Irish Supreme Court overturn that decision and recognize the young woman's right to abortion, was the last chapter of the fundamentalist narrative of Irish abortion law. The feminist critique of that law needs to consider its particular fundamentalist aspects in order to clarify the obstacles posed to the struggle for Irish women's reproductive freedom. The author argues that a fundamentalist narrative ordered the post-colonial and patriarchal conditions of Irish society so as to call for the legal recognition of an absolute right to life of the "unborn." The Supreme Court's interpretation of the constitutional right to life of the fetus in three cases during the 1980s is evidence that Irish abortion law was constructed through a fundamentalist narrative until that narrative was rejected in the Supreme Court decision in Attorney General v. X.     

“以人为本”法律价值探究及其法治理念构建

法律上重要的不是原创性,而是是否合乎民族性。普遍的法观念的确认,是对法的概念的综合性认知。法观念的形成,是认知个体传统法律文化的综合体现,包括法的概念、法的生成及法律发展史。西方社会的法律价值对构筑现代意义之中国法治具有理论上的借鉴意义。故此,“以人为本”的价值观念,作为社会主义法治理念之一种,在传承中国传统法律文化的同时,归因于自然法观念与人类进化及社会公益观念的和解。     

Fazhi vs/and/or Rule of Law?: A Semiotic Venture into Chinese Law

The paper is an investigation offazhi (rule of law) in China. The studyproposes a tentative semiotic framework for theinterpretation of the rule of law as a legalconcept to be applied to China in the light ofits recent incorporation into the ChineseConstitution. The paper argues that legalconcepts such as the rule of law are triadic innature and their constituents are relative,relational and contextual in the semioticinterpretative process. The study examines howthe concept can be explicated with the thin orformal theory of the rule of law as a frame ofreference, and how the semiotic model maycontribute to the understanding of the Chineserule of law or the lack thereof. This approachalso attempts to account for the gap betweenthe legal ideal and reality in China andcanvasses cross-cultural considerations. In thefirst part of the paper, a semiotic frameworkfor legal concepts is postulated forconstructing the meaning of the rule of law,followed by its application to contemporaryChina.     

民法上“法益”概念的探源与本土化

《民法总则》第126条中的"利益",与我国民法学界持者甚众的狭义法益说中的"法益"含义大致相同,指的是权利之外应当受到法律保护的客体,是立法者为解决其预见性不足的弹性规范设计。上述界定与"法益"概念的原意不符,和刑法学界的惯常用法存在明显差别,属于概念移植过程中的本土化改造。"民事权利和利益"的二分法和狭义法益说在法理、逻辑上都不能成立,也不具备法益理论应当具备的分类、区分保护和评价功能,必然会造成立法表述与司法裁判说理中的冲突。"法益"概念的本土化界定,应当建立在共识的基础上,寻求统一的、适用于包括刑法、民法等在内的各个部门法的"法益"概念。"法益"是应当受到法保护的利益,此处的法既包括实然意义上的法律,也包括应然意义上的法。法益是权利的上位而非平行概念,《民法总则》第126条中的"利益"实质上是未被立法明文规定的未上升为权利的法益,未来修法时应将该条修改为"民事主体享有其他民事权利和未上升为权利的法益"。     

权力的多元化与社会化

现代国家与社会一体化的局面已逐渐被打破 ,同时又出现了社会多元化与经济全球化的新趋势 ,国家权力不再是统治社会的唯一权力了 ,人类社会出现了权力多元化和社会化的趋向。权力多元化是政治民主化的必然要求 ,权力社会化则是权力人民性的进步和人类社会发展的必然归宿。这要求人们不仅应具有权力的国家意识 ,还要有权力的社会意识和世界意识 ,人类要为建立实质的法治国家 ,促成民主的法治社会 ,最终实现“大同法治世界”而共同奋斗     

先秦法家共同体的敌人:以法治国的规范理论

在揭示现代法治的起源和理念时,先秦法家的观点往往作为对立面而成为历史批判的靶子,我国法学界对"法治"和"法制"、"依法治国"和"以法治国"、"形式的、浅度的法治"和"实质的、深度的法治"等概念所做出的有意区分既加重了对先秦法家的打击,也中断了一种法治思想的文化连续性的思考方案。事实上,先秦法学关于以国为国、以法治国的基本主张开启了实证主义法学的先河,同时也为人的行为的分治理论和共治理论奠定了基础。     

法律的内在价值与法治

"法治"(Rule of Law)无疑是最具吸引力的政治理想之一,但它同时也是最具争议的政治和法律概念。法治的吸引力和法治的概念问题应当同步解决,因此必须仔细考虑"法律的价值为何"的问题。由于价值存在着内在价值与外在价值之分,因此强调法治的吸引力,必须将法治与内在价值的概念联系起来。同时,由于内在价值可以被划分为固有的内在价值与构成性的内在价值,并且后一种内在价值才是法治的基础,因此一种形式主义的法治主张必然应运而生。     

Absolutism and the ‘rule of law’ in Denmark 1660–c. 1750

With the introduction of absolutism in Denmark, the country became one of the two most absolute monarchies in Europe. The question arises whether the concept of the ‘rule of law’ was compatible with absolutism, or whether it was totally contrary to this form of government. Through an analysis of the criteria central to the concept of the ‘rule of law’, for example, the public proclamation of laws, the independence of the courts, predictable proceedings, the right of appeal, due care, legal aid, promptness of legal proceedings etc., and evidence of practice from public records, the present article concludes that although the ‘rule of law’ was fragile, as it depended on the absolute king's mercy, there was an ideal among the ruling elite that the ‘rule of law’ ought to be respected, and the rural and urban population trusted the system.     

法治思维视阈下科技伦理教育观完善探析——基于当下科技发展中学术道德失范行为现象的思考

学术瑕疵类、学术垄断类失范行为之所以普遍存在,与科技伦理教育观密切相关。当前,我国的科技伦理教育主要存在法治意识淡薄,忽视培养具有法治思维的科技伦理专业人才,以及缺乏法治化制度保障等问题。然而,法治思维作为社会治理的核心思维,具有将其引入科技伦理教育的必要性和可行性。为实现规制学术道德失范行为以净化科技伦理生态的道德理想,需要在科技伦理教育的过程中中融入法治思维并凸显法治作用,从而构筑起坚不可摧的法治屏障。所以,法治思维视域下科技伦理教育观的完善应从德法并重,严重的学术道德失范行为应以法律规制为主,且科技伦理教育中亟待重视法治思维的培育等方面着力;法治思维视域下,高等院校与科研机构对于科研人员科技伦理教育观的培育应从增设科技法和知识产权法课程,强化警示教育,且在对于学术道德失范行为的学术研究和立法规制等方面努力。     

"证券发行"的概念探讨

我国现行的法律法规对证券发行的相关概念表述显得有些混乱 ,不够严谨。应该在证券法修改时 ,给“证券发行”予以定义。根据我国证券发行的现有的法律体系和证券发行的实务操作流程 ,同时参照国外的相关立法例 ,证券发行宜定义为 :“证券发行是发行人依照法律规定的程序向投资人就其证券作出的要约邀请、要约或者销售行为。”同时在证券法中应区分证券公开发行和非公开发行两种发行方式 ,分别适用不同的法律规定和程序。其中对于证券公开发行 ,可以在概念上再分为“证券募集”和“证券销售”两个概念 ,同时对这个概念分别进行定义 ,以求更准确地适用法律 ,同时与现有的法律规定相衔接和协调一致。     

法律发展与法律知识化

法律发展首先必须面对合法化与价值诉求问题，而这一切又无不与作为基础的法律主体的知识立场密切相关。如何谋求“法律知识化”、话语合法化以及法律主体的价值立场的有效运作，是法律文明、有效发展的必要途径，也是法律发展话语摒弃规则主义弊端制约而建构自我所不可回避的挑战。从西方国家的经验看，现代法治的确立与以理性化为核心的法律知识化过程密不可分，法律知识化由知识对法律的关系提升、扩展为一种法律观，再由一种法律观落实为一种价值观、方法论，并由此引导法律主体追求和建设一种新的法律文明。更为重要的是，“法律知识化”使法治成为近代法律发展的本质性，把知识化原则导入法律发展领域，从而实现了法律发展的革命性变革。     

论法律的有限性

法治社会至少是目前为止的一种理想社会状态,随着和谐社会观念的提出,法治社会进程或多或少迟缓了脚步,但其缓慢的进程恰恰是反思法治、改进法治继而为加快发展的时机。正如快速的奔跑难以容下迷思而闲庭信步催生灵感一样。过分对法律的迷信和过分对法律的轻慢均是法律建设不可取的态度;揭示法律的有限性并试图寻找克服其有限性的方法,是法律建设不可缺少的一个环节。     

Institutional Vulnerablity and Opportunity: Immigration and America's "War on Terror"

New legal realism focuses on the complexity of individual action and the view of law from the "bottom-up." Neoinstitutionalism also suggests that rational-actor models are too simplistic, but spotlights enduring historical effects on individual action and thus tends to view the world from the "top-down." In this article, we seek to marry the two disparate approaches by centering on moments of institutional vulnerability and opportunity when a system can change or be redefined. The terrorist attacks on September 11 provided a unique opportunity for institutional change. Policymakers seized this opportunity to introduce reforms into American immigration law that fundamentally altered how that law is administered. The implications of these legal reforms were to group many migrants into the category of potential "terrorist" and to make it increasingly difficult for any migrant to claim "victim" status. Immigrants responded to these reforms by refraining from public criticism of the United States and by becoming American citizens. We discuss the potential implications of those actions on the institution of citizenship .