81例外伤性鼻部骨折的特点及其法医学鉴定分析

研究鼻部损伤后骨折的特点、确诊的方法及法医学鉴定的相关问题。 81例以鼻部外伤为主诉 ,经鼻骨拍摄X线侧位片 ( 62例加做鼻部CT扫描 )检见有鼻骨骨折的患者 ,进行法医临床学鉴定分析。单纯性线性骨折 19例 ,骨折移位者 11例 ,粉碎性、多发性骨折 4 0例 ,鼻骨骨折伴上颌骨额突骨折或 (及 )伴眶骨骨折 11例 ;轻伤 58例 ( 72 % ) ,未构成轻伤 2 3例 ( 2 8% )。多数鼻骨骨折为粉碎性、多发性 ,且可伴有其它部位骨折。鼻骨X线侧位片只能明确部分粉碎性骨折及部分移位明显的骨折 ,CT扫描能确定鼻部骨折形态。     

2例鼻中隔骨折的法医学鉴定

现行的人体损伤鉴定标准对鼻中隔骨折的损伤程度评定未作出具体规定。笔者报告鼻中隔骨折2例,并对鼻中隔骨折的诊断、鉴别诊断及损伤程度评定进行探讨。1案例资料案例1孙某,男,51岁。被人用拳击伤鼻部,当即鼻腔流血、疼痛、鼻塞。次日到法医门诊,查体:鼻部肿胀稍青紫,压痛(+),右侧鼻腔尚附有血迹;鼻骨X线侧位片示:鼻骨中段骨折,断端未见明显错位;鼻部螺旋CT扫描(层厚3mm)示:右侧鼻骨骨折,骨折端稍错位;鼻中隔偏曲。法医复阅CT片怀疑有鼻中隔骨折,请专家会诊后确诊。伤后10d经鼻骨复位后效果不佳仍有双侧鼻塞。法医鉴定为轻伤。案例2吴某,…     

22例外伤性上颌骨额突骨折的法医学分析

近年来,随着CT的广泛应用,上颌骨额突骨折的法医学鉴定日益引起大家的重视,笔者就我市1998—2003年22例上颌骨额突骨折进行了法医学统计、分析。一、资料(一)一般情况本组22例中,男20例,女2例,年龄21-65岁。致伤方式有:拳击(15例)、棍棒伤(2例)、砖块伤(2例)、脚踢(1例)、铁锹拍击(1例)、啤酒瓶伤(1例)。临床表现为:颜面、鼻部肿胀,鼻根内陷,呼吸不畅,部分鼻部检验未见明显外伤。(二)扫描方法本组均行鼻部侧位X线检查和鼻部CT水平位扫描(以CM线为基线,层厚2m m细描),其中10例行副鼻部冠状扫描。(三)影像结果本组鼻骨侧位片均未检见额突骨…     

鼻骨骨折的法医学鉴定

鼻部及双侧颌面部作为人体暴露、突出部位,经常成为暴力侵害的部位,很容易在受到重击时发生骨折。本文报道3例鼻骨骨折的法医学鉴定案件,供同仁参考。1案例资料例1王某,男,20岁。2012年12月7日,被拳击中鼻部后,X线侧位片示鼻骨骨折但未见明显错位,鼻骨CT扫描见右侧鼻骨粉碎性骨折。损伤程度     

鼻区骨折检验中误诊、漏诊原因分析

鼻区骨折是最常见的鼻区外伤性疾病,它包括鼻骨骨折、上颌骨额突骨折、鼻中隔骨折、眶内侧壁骨折等。X线平片检查方便易行,但误诊、漏诊率高,随着CT检查的引进,其诊断准确性有了明显提高,但对于鼻部的发育变异、骨缝、血管沟等有时难与骨折鉴别,易造成误诊。近年来高分辨螺旋CT及其三维重建技术的发展,使得我们可以对鼻区诸骨的结构进行多层面、全方位的三维立体观察,为临床治疗或司法鉴定提供了较为可靠、准确的诊断依据。     

鼻骨螺旋CT扫描及图像重建技术在法医学中的应用

头面部外伤后鼻骨骨折在法医临床学鉴定中比较常见,在侧位X线片上因影像重叠容易漏诊,因而传统X线技术在鼻骨骨折的诊断上有一定的局限性。作者对临床检查怀疑鼻骨骨折但X线检查不明确的检案都进行鼻骨螺旋CT扫描,并采用多平面重建(M PV R)技术进行图像后处理,结果显示骨折处影像清晰,准确无误。资料、方法与结果本组27例有明确的鼻部外伤,均为男性;其中拳击伤16例,钝器伤11例。病人仰卧于扫描床上,头尽量后仰,置于头托内,扫描定位线与鼻骨长轴平行,层厚3m m,120kv130M a螺距1.5,FO V24cm。扫描范围从鼻尖部至上颌窦后壁。扫描完毕采…     

鼻骨骨折的CT检查及法医学鉴定

鼻骨骨折在头面部损伤中多见,以往鼻骨骨折主要依赖于临床检查和X线拍片确诊.但由于鼻骨两侧对称,在侧位X线片上因影像重叠,往往容易漏诊,给法医学鉴定带来一定困难.自1998年以来,我们对于临床及X线检查疑有鼻骨骨折或骨折移位不明显的伤者,进行CT检查,其结果影像清晰,诊断明确,更容易显示骨折的部位和程度.现将我们检查鉴定的16例报告如下:     

鼻骨骨折螺旋CT3D成像与X线片对比研究

目的 评价螺旋CT扫描三维重建成像与X线摄片对比对鼻骨骨折法医学鉴定的价值。方法 使用SOMATOM BALANCE 1s螺旋CT机，对32例复杂鼻部外伤者2mm／2mm扫描，常规进行最大密度投影法(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、表面覆盖法(SSD)、容积成像(VR)方式。全貌显示受伤鼻骨骨折影像，并与常规鼻骨摄片比较。结果 螺旋CT三维成像纠正3例X线照片的假阳性和6例诊断骨折类型不准确。结论 螺旋CT三维重建对诊断复杂鼻骨骨折块数目、移位，以及骨折类型优于X线摄片。     

鼻骨螺旋CT扫描及图像重建技术在法医学中的应用

头面部外伤后鼻骨骨折在法医临床学鉴定中比较常见，在侧位X线片上因影像重叠容易漏诊，因而传统X线技术在鼻骨骨折的诊断上有一定的局限性。作者对临床检查怀疑鼻骨骨折但X线检查不明确的检案都进行鼻骨螺旋CT扫描，并采用多平面重建(MPVR)技术进行图像后处理，结果显示骨折处影像清晰，准确无误。     

86例鼻部复合性骨折的法医鉴定

目的探讨鼻部复合性骨折的认定、分型和损伤程度的法医学鉴定。方法对86例鼻部复合性骨折鼻骨CT片(轴扫 冠扫)和有关病历资料进行观察分析。结果将86例伤者按骨折种类分成鼻骨并发鼻部非鼻骨骨折(81例)和鼻部非鼻骨复合性骨折(5例)两类,然后再进一步细分。结论86例伤者中轻伤80例(93%),轻微伤6例(7%)。鼻部复合性骨折的损伤程度评定关键在于应按照《人体轻微伤的鉴定》(GA/T146-1996)和《人体轻伤的鉴定(试行)》的有关规定或标准认定和分型,这样鉴定结论才会准确可靠。     

Haptics in forensics: The possibilities and advantages in using the haptic device for reconstruction approaches in forensic science

Non-invasive documentation methods such as surface scanning and radiological imaging are gaining in importance in the forensic field. These three-dimensional technologies provide digital 3D data, which are processed and handled in the computer. However, the sense of touch gets lost using the virtual approach. The haptic device enables the use of the sense of touch to handle and feel digital 3D data. The multifunctional application of a haptic device for forensic approaches is evaluated and illustrated in three different cases: the representation of bone fractures of the lower extremities, by traffic accidents, in a non-invasive manner; the comparison of bone injuries with the presumed injury-inflicting instrument; and in a gunshot case, the identification of the gun by the muzzle imprint, and the reconstruction of the holding position of the gun.The 3D models of the bones are generated from the Computed Tomography (CT) images. The 3D models of the exterior injuries, the injury-inflicting tools and the bone injuries, where a higher resolution is necessary, are created by the optical surface scan.The haptic device is used in combination with the software FreeForm Modelling Plus™ for touching the surface of the 3D models to feel the minute injuries and the surface of tools, to reposition displaced bone parts and to compare an injury-causing instrument with an injury.The repositioning of 3D models in a reconstruction is easier, faster and more precisely executed by means of using the sense of touch and with the user-friendly movement in the 3D space. For representation purposes, the fracture lines of bones are coloured. This work demonstrates that the haptic device is a suitable and efficient application in forensic science. The haptic device offers a new way in the handling of digital data in the virtual 3D space.     

Spectrophotometric and tristimulus analysis of the colors of subcutaneous bleeding in living persons

Skeletal injuries are often strong indicators of child abuse and their detection is therefore crucial. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of three diagnostic approaches, namely autopsy, traditional (conventional) radiology, and computed tomography on "battered" piglets, in order to verify the sensitivity of each method, with respect to the true number of bone fractures assessed once the piglet was skeletonised (osteological control). Four newborn cadaver piglets who had died from natural causes were severely beaten post-mortem in every district of the body. Traditional radiography, computed tomography (CT) and autopsy were performed. The piglet was then macerated until skeletonised and the number of all fractures present recorded (osteological control). On the cranium, traditional radiology revealed only 35% circa of actual fractures, autopsy detected only 31% (P<0.01 for both comparisons versus osteological control), whereas CT imaging detected all fractures actually present. For ribs, radiology detected only 47% of all fractures present, and autopsy 65% circa (P>0.05 for both comparisons versus osteological control), while CT scans detected 34% (P<0.01). In suspected cases of fatal child abuse, we suggest that the bones of specific districts be directly analysed either at autopsy or by collecting specific diagnostic sites, such as parts of the rib cage, and subjecting them to maceration. The removed areas could be replaced with artificial material for cosmetic purposes. The authors stress the importance of combined radiological, CT scan, autopsy and osteological survey in the detection of perimortem bone fractures.     

Forensic-medical significance of the characteristics of gunshot perforating fractures of the skull bones

The study was made of gunshot perforating fractures of calvarial bones in cases of lethal perforating head wounds in long distance shots from a 9-mm Makarov gun. Morphological characteristics of inlet and outlet perforating fractures and bone fragments were found to differ. Gunshot fractures in calvarial bones inflicted by bullets from a 9-mm Makarov gun were studied in experiments with different kinetic energy. In low kinetic energy, bullets make oval holes on the outer table of the skull and round holes on the inner table with radial prominences on the walls of bullet channels, large bone fragments; in moderate kinetic energy--make round holes in the outer table and oval on the inner table with skew prominences on the walls of the outlet part of the channels, large and middle-sized flat bone fragments; in high kinetic energy injuries on both tables were round, prominences were cross, bone fragments were flat, small and middle-sized.     

多层螺旋CT诊断颅底骨折及其法医学应用价值

目的 比较多层螺旋CT三种重建方法在显示颅底骨折方面的差异,探讨其在法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法 对40例颅脑外伤后怀疑颅底骨折的伤者进行多层螺旋CT扫描,然后将容积数据输入工作站进行横断面重建、多平面重建(MPR)和三维重建,三维重建采用表面显示法(SSD)。结果 24例颅前窝骨折,其中横断面显示骨折9例,MPR显示骨折24例,SSD显示9例;3组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。24例颅中窝骨折,横断面显示骨折15例,MPR显示骨折24例,SSD显示骨折4例;3组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。横断面重建和MPR均显示颅后窝骨折3例,两者无明显差异,SSD有1例显示。结论 SSD成像直观立体地显示了骨折的形态、走行、空间位置等情况,但对细小骨折显示不佳;多层螺旋CT检查可用于颅底骨折的法医学鉴定。     

MSCT及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医鉴定中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法采用MSCT对134例被鉴定人进行薄层扫描并行多平面重建(MPR)和表面遮盖成像(SSD)。比较MSCT与常规X线诊断结果。结果线型骨折55(41.04%)例,粉碎型骨折46例(34.33%),凹陷型骨折27例(20.15%),未见骨折6例(4.48%)。X线平片及CR片漏、误诊48例(35.82%)。MSCT正确诊断133例(99.25%)。两者诊断结果存在显著差异(χ2=45.0816,P<0.001)。结论MSCT及后处理图像应作为鼻骨骨折法医鉴定的主要依据。     

钝器致鼻部骨折95例法医学分析

目的探讨钝器致鼻部骨折种类、骨折及其修复的X线与CT表现差异等特点,为鉴定实践提供参考。方法对福建省古田县1999年1月至2013年12月发生的95例成年人因钝器致鼻部骨折的实际案例,按基本情况、骨折部位、致伤方式、确诊方式、鉴定意见等信息进行描述性统计,并对不同损伤根据新旧标准得出的鉴定意见进行比对。结果 95例成年人中,男性87例,女性8例,骨折部位、数量与鼻骨解剖关系、受力大小和方向均有明显的关联,复合性骨折多见,X线检查无法确定的骨折,经CT检查均可明确诊断。不同骨折类型按新旧标准鉴定意见有所不同。结论鼻部骨折数存在性别差异,外力大时易出现复合性骨折,CT检查明显优于X线检查。     

撕脱骨折与永存骨骺、籽骨、副骨的影像学鉴别

目的探讨撕脱性骨折与永存性骨骺、籽骨、副骨的影像学鉴别办法。方法回顾性分析了14个要求重新鉴定是否存在骨折的案例,观察撕脱性骨折的直接、间接征象,并结合其发生机制与永存性骨骺、籽骨及副骨的固有形态、特点等进行对照。结果所选案例中有2例永存性骨骺、3例籽骨、3例副骨均具有骨块边缘钝圆、骨皮质连续、局部软组织未见肿胀以及伤后该骨的连续摄片无明显变化等共同特征。结论正确掌握撕脱性骨折、生理性小骨骺、籽骨及解剖变异的副骨的特点,并综合运用影像学资料是鉴别撕脱性骨折的基本要素。     

Getting in touch--3D printing in forensic imaging

With the increasing use of medical imaging in forensics, as well as the technological advances in rapid prototyping, we suggest combining these techniques to generate displays of forensic findings. We used computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surface scanning with photogrammetry in conjunction with segmentation techniques to generate 3D polygon meshes. Based on these data sets, a 3D printer created colored models of the anatomical structures. Using this technique, we could create models of bone fractures, vessels, cardiac infarctions, ruptured organs as well as bitemark wounds. The final models are anatomically accurate, fully colored representations of bones, vessels and soft tissue, and they demonstrate radiologically visible pathologies. The models are more easily understood by laypersons than volume rendering or 2D reconstructions. Therefore, they are suitable for presentations in courtrooms and for educational purposes.