构建我国刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度的几点设想

新《刑事诉讼法》确立了我国刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度的雏形,是我国刑事司法鉴定制度的新发展,但是简单的条文规定并没有明确该项制度的具体内容。专家辅助人的诉讼地位、选任资格、权利义务、法律责任、介入诉讼的时间等都将是本文关于构建专家辅助人制度探讨的具体内容。     

专家辅助人制度的意义——以认识论为视角

从我国审判实践出发,在吸收和借鉴英美法系专家证人和大陆法系技术顾问等制度相关内容的基础上,创设了我国的专家辅助人制度。专家辅助人制度对大多数人来说还比较陌生,本文从专家辅助人制度及专家辅助人的定义出发,阐述了司法鉴定中的认识论问题以及专家辅助人制度的意义,并对目前专家辅助人制度中存在的问题进行了分析。关键词专家辅助人司法鉴定刑事诉讼     

完善我国刑事司法鉴定制度之构想

刑事司法鉴定制度是我国刑事诉讼制度的重要组成部分,在现代刑事诉讼中的地位越来越重要。但由于缺乏立法的规范,刑事司法鉴定在司法实践中暴露出来的问题越来越多,导致其在刑事诉讼中的功能减弱。本文在介绍我国刑事司法鉴定制度基本情况的基础上,初步探讨和分析了我国目前刑事司法鉴定制度存在的问题及成因,对如何完善我国的刑事司法鉴定制度提出一些设想。     

建立我国刑事司法鉴定"专家辅助人制度"

专家辅助人制度是司法鉴定制度的配套机制.鉴于我国现有司法鉴定体制中出现的鉴定机构性质不明、鉴定过程暗箱操作、鉴定结论审查判断不科学等顽症,专家辅助人制度的确立势在必行.本文对该制度构建中的专家辅助人的诉讼地位、专家辅助人的选任、专家辅助人的权利义务等三个基本问题作了探讨.     

论我国刑事诉讼中专家辅助人制度的完善

刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度的确立是我国司法证据制度改革的重要举措,为我国实现刑事诉讼的价值,促进司法的公正提供了良好的愿景。但是在司法实践中刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度仍存在着一些问题,需要引起我们的关注并对其进行完善,以弥补司法鉴定制度的不足。本文在分析刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度现状的基础上提出完善的措施。     

我国应当建立“专家辅助人”制度——意大利“技术顾问”制度之借鉴

专家辅助人制度是司法鉴定制度的配套机制,其在意大利的刑事诉讼法中规定得最为详细。鉴于我国现有司法鉴定体制中出现的鉴定机构性质不明、鉴定过程暗箱操作、审查判断不科学等顽症,专家辅助人制度的确立势在必行。     

司法鉴定与“案结事了”

本文通过分析一个涉及法医学鉴定的刑事案例,导出司法鉴定对案结事了的积极作用,重点论述了目前司法鉴定制度影响案结事了存在的问题。司法鉴定制度与案结事了密切相关,司法鉴定制度改革决定案结事了这一司法目的。特别强调案结事了背后,可能因对司法鉴定所谓权威性的迷信或盲目遵从而丧失最基本的公平正义。指出专家辅助人制度的建立将有助于真正实现案结事了。     

司法鉴定与"案结事了"相关问题研究

本文通过分析一个涉及法医学鉴定的刑事案例,导出司法鉴定对案结事了的积极作用,重点论述了目前司法鉴定制度影响案结事了存在的问题.司法鉴定制度与案结事了密切相关,司法鉴定制度改革决定案结事了这一司法目的.特别强调案结事了背后,可能因对司法鉴定所谓权威性的迷信或盲目遵从而丧失最基本的公平正义.指出专家辅助人制度的建立将有助于真正实现案结事了.     

司法鉴定与“案结事了”

本文通过分析一个涉及法医学鉴定的刑事案例，导出司法鉴定对案结事了的积极作用，重点论述了目前司法鉴定制度影响案结事了存在的问题。司法鉴定制度与案结事了密切相关，司法鉴定制度改革决定案结事了这一司法目的。特别强调案结事了背后．可能因对司法鉴定所谓权威性的迷信或盲目遵从而丧失最基本的公平正义。指出专家辅助人制度的建立将有助于真正实现案结事了。     

刑事诉讼中专家辅助人制度的解析与完善

司法鉴定制度改革进程中,传统公检法专业问题判断内部制约机制逐步消解,刑事领域专门问题鉴定失误频发,促生了刑事诉讼领域专家辅助人制度的引入。当前立法对该项制度的规定并不完善,专家辅助人的角色定位和意见属性相当模糊。适度扩张专家辅助人的角色功能,完善其权利义务,明确其出庭的程序细节,是该项制度更好地嵌入原有刑事诉讼体系的内在要求。     

对当前我国医疗损害技术鉴定制度的思考

随着<侵权责任法>的实施,医疗纠纷司法鉴定将在医疗损害中起着越来越重要的作用.目前我国的医疗损害技术鉴定存在二元化的状态,有一定的优势也存在一定的弊端,建立统一、独立的医疗损害技术鉴定体系是非常必要的,这对切实保护医患双方的合法权益,依法公正解决医疗损害赔偿案件,构建和谐的医患关系有重要意义.     

二元制抑或一元制：医疗纠纷鉴定模式的选择

医疗（事故）纠纷因专门性问题源于医疗事故技术鉴定和司法鉴定的＂二元制＂鉴定模式,致使纠纷解决的法律在选择适用上出现不同的结果,并造成了同一事实的处理结果尤其是赔偿的数额差异甚巨。《侵权责任法》的实施能否终结＂二元制＂鉴定模式,使冲突的相关规定、解释、解答等相关文本在法律适用上归于统一再次成为颇具争论的问题。基于医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定结果在证据性质上的同一,有必要将医疗事故技术＂鉴定＂仅作为行政程序的内容,并进一步建立解决医疗纠纷的鉴定机制,体现鉴定作为证据的＂认定＂功能,以便实现医疗行为共担风险以及利益平衡的基本目标。     

Scent identification evidence in jurisdiction (drawing on the example of judicial practice in Poland)

One of the most significant challenges for contemporary forensic science seems to be research of new sources of physical evidence. Particularly after successful implementation of revolutionary DNA identification law enforcement agencies look for other new and perhaps more efficient techniques.     

当前医疗损害鉴定制度存在问题与对策

随着《侵权责任法》的实施,医疗纠纷司法鉴定将在医疗损害鉴定中起着越来越重要的作用。我国的医疗损害鉴定制度经历了一系列的制度变迁过程。但是,基于医疗的专业性、复杂性和技术性,医疗损害的鉴定不是一般法医能胜任的鉴定工作。医疗事故技术鉴定制度仍是一项可利用的制度资源。当前医疗损害鉴定制度的构建,应警惕形式意义上的鉴定公正带来实质意义上的鉴定不公正;警惕法律对患者的保护带来医疗对患者的伤害。建议对医疗事故技术鉴定制度进行改造,使之成为类似于美国的审前审查机制,或者采取医疗损害司法鉴定特别许可制度,以完善我国的医疗损害鉴定制度。     

Forensic human identification in the United States and Canada: A review of the law, admissible techniques, and the legal implications of their application in forensic cases

Forensic human identification techniques are successful if they lead to positive personal identification. However, the strongest personal identification is of no use in the prosecution - or vindication - of an accused if the associated evidence and testimony is ruled inadmissible in a court of law. This review examines the U.S. and Canadian legal rulings regarding the admissibility of expert evidence and testimony, and subsequently explores four established methods of human identification (i.e., DNA profiling, forensic anthropology, forensic radiography, forensic odontology) and one complementary technique useful in determining identity, and the legal implications of their application in forensic cases.     

侦查机关内设鉴定机构的负面影响与消解

侦查活动的特殊性使其染指于司法鉴定,侦查机关基于侦查工作之必要内设鉴定机构。侦查机关内设的鉴定机构又因侦查的追诉性质在鉴定活动中难以保持中立性,致使侦查机关的鉴定机构的性质与法律的中立性要求出现一些紧张关系,在诉讼中造成了一些负面影响。司法鉴定制度的改革旨在借助司法行政部门对司法鉴定的统一管理来催生侦查机关的鉴定机构和侦查活动相分离,从而保持侦查机关的鉴定机构具有相对的独立性,并通过制度调整后的外在监督力量与程序的制约机制来缓解这一紧张关系,以促进侦查机关的鉴定机构在诉讼中真正发挥发现事实真相的作用。     

我国司法鉴定的法治化研究

司法鉴定的法治建设是鉴定制度建设的重要目标,也是我国法治进程的重要环节。我国司法鉴定制度应当在原有的司法鉴定特色和文化的基础上,结合现代法治理念,以公正和效率为价值目标,建立科学和完善的司法鉴定制度。我国的司法鉴定立法应当结合我国相关诉讼法律制度修改的契机,在逐步完善现有法律规范的基础上,建设统一完备的司法鉴定专门法。     

Missing persons-missing data: the need to collect antemortem dental records of missing persons

The subject of missing persons is of great concern to the community with numerous associated emotional, financial, and health costs. This paper examines the forensic medical issues raised by the delayed identification of individuals classified as "missing" and highlights the importance of including dental data in the investigation of missing persons. Focusing on Australia, the current approaches employed in missing persons investigations are outlined. Of particular significance is the fact that each of the eight Australian states and territories has its own Missing Persons Unit that operates within distinct state and territory legislation. Consequently, there is a lack of uniformity within Australia about the legal and procedural framework within which investigations of missing persons are conducted, and the interaction of that framework with coronial law procedures. One of the main investigative problems in missing persons investigations is the lack of forensic medical, particularly, odontological input. Forensic odontology has been employed in numerous cases in Australia where identity is unknown or uncertain because of remains being skeletonized, incinerated, or partly burnt. The routine employment of the forensic odontologist to assist in missing person inquiries, has however, been ignored. The failure to routinely employ forensic odontology in missing persons inquiries has resulted in numerous delays in identification. Three Australian cases are presented where the investigation of individuals whose identity was uncertain or unknown was prolonged due to the failure to utilize the appropriate (and available) dental resources. In light of the outcomes of these cases, we suggest that a national missing persons dental records database be established for future missing persons investigations. Such a database could be easily managed between a coronial system and a forensic medical institute. In Australia, a national missing persons dental records database could be incorporated into the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) managed, on behalf of Australia's Coroners, by the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. The existence of the NCIS would ensure operational collaboration in the implementation of the system and cost savings to Australian policing agencies involved in missing person inquiries. The implementation of such a database would facilitate timely and efficient reconciliation of clinical and postmortem dental records and have subsequent social and financial benefits.     

Design and implementation of FROST: Digital forensic tools for the OpenStack cloud computing platform

We describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of FROST—three new forensic tools for the OpenStack cloud platform. Our implementation for the OpenStack cloud platform supports an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud and provides trustworthy forensic acquisition of virtual disks, API logs, and guest firewall logs. Unlike traditional acquisition tools, FROST works at the cloud management plane rather than interacting with the operating system inside the guest virtual machines, thereby requiring no trust in the guest machine. We assume trust in the cloud provider, but FROST overcomes non-trivial challenges of remote evidence integrity by storing log data in hash trees and returning evidence with cryptographic hashes. Our tools are user-driven, allowing customers, forensic examiners, and law enforcement to conduct investigations without necessitating interaction with the cloud provider. We demonstrate how FROST's new features enable forensic investigators to obtain forensically-sound data from OpenStack clouds independent of provider interaction. Our preliminary evaluation indicates the ability of our approach to scale in a dynamic cloud environment. The design supports an extensible set of forensic objectives, including the future addition of other data preservation, discovery, real-time monitoring, metrics, auditing, and acquisition capabilities.     

我国法医物证鉴定领域标准化问题及对策研究

标准化体系可以提高法医物证鉴定的质量，提高鉴定的公信力。法医物证鉴定标准化是开展鉴定业务、推广DNA新技术和我国法律的要求。标准化体系的建设和完善需要集思广益、群策群力，需要加强部门及地区之间合作交流，做好研制、培训和执行标准化文件的工作。标准化不能代替法庭审查，鉴定意见书仍需要法庭质证。