个人极端暴力犯罪的概念厘定与类型界分

个人极端暴力犯罪对公共安全构成极大威胁,是当前我国犯罪治理的重点和难点。对此类犯罪行为,理论上存在不同的概念表述。"个人极端暴力犯罪"一词较为准确、精炼地概括了其内涵与特征。这类犯罪具有个体性、极端性、暴力性等特点。行为人具有极端化的思维和报复社会的动机,这是其不同于普通暴力犯罪的基本特性。作为一类特殊的犯罪类型,其同群体性暴力事件、暴力恐怖犯罪以及西方社会的"仇恨犯罪"存在显著差别。     

“报复社会”型危害公共安全行为研究——以2005年以来的22个案例为考察对象

近几年来,社会上发生了多起令人震惊的个人攻击无辜民众的行为,媒体多将其称为报复社会行为,也有人将其称为个体反社会性犯罪①、个人恐怖犯罪②,这里称其为报复社会型危害公共安全行为,是指个人为发泄不满情绪,而对不特定对象实施的凶杀、爆炸、纵火、投毒等严重危害公共安全的行为。     

破坏生产经营罪若干问题探析

破坏生产经营罪是我国刑法规定的典型的危害生产安全犯罪。其客体是包括生产资料财产安全和生产经营顺利进行在内的生产经营安全。破坏生产经营罪在犯罪构成上并不要求对象要件。其主观目的"泄愤报复或者其他个人目的"实质上是一种犯罪动机。     

仇恨犯罪的刑法根基与犯罪预防

仇恨犯罪较为普遍地存在于多元化社会各国。它是以行为人对受害人的各种偏见为基础，以给行为人认定的某种群体的个人及其群体造成损害为目的，因此与报复特定个人和社会的犯罪不同，也与敌人刑法适用的犯罪类型存在差异。对仇恨犯罪的单独立法主要见于普通法系国家，尤其是美国。仇恨犯罪单独立法的目的是为了加重对行为人的惩罚，这并未违反宪法上的平等原则，也未侵害言论自由，且符合罪刑相适应原则。仇恨犯罪必然以上游犯罪为基础，同时行为动机系基于法定的偏见类型。仇恨犯罪的甄别与统计对预防犯罪、提升国家治理能力都有重要意义。仇恨犯罪中的偏见动机往往源于社会的结构性歧视，偏见产生移位攻击。在行为人人身危险性并不显著时，监禁消除偏见的效果不如恢复性司法措施。对仇恨犯罪也存在爱的刑法观念的适用。我国没有必要对仇恨犯罪单独立法，但对涉及民族关系等领域的犯罪，可吸纳仇恨犯罪理念的合理成分。     

"灭门案"的特点及应对措施

近年来,不断有触目惊心的家庭成员间的恶性伦理杀人案件、报复社会的重大恶性杀人案件等极端暴力犯罪案件频频撞击着人们的神经.掩卷观之,令人扼腕,令人愤怒,也令人深思.2010年6月,公安部召开电视电话会议,决定开展为期7个月的严打整治行动,其中一项重要任务,就是打击严重影响人民群众安全感的个人极端暴力犯罪.暴力犯罪,系犯罪学对犯罪进行分类使用的一个概念,是指行为人对他人、群体或者社会进行攻击性破坏行为并且造成严重社会危害的犯罪,其侵犯对象可能是人身权益、财产权益、公共利益等."极端暴力犯罪",是指具有极大攻击性并且造成极严重社会危害的暴力犯罪,上述桩桩件件的灭门案便是典型形式.     

法人二元罪因罪责论

一、犯罪原因与刑事责任的关系,是一种由前者而产生后者的相应关系。对犯罪原因的科学认识的进程,就决定了对刑事责任的科学认识的进程。从刑事古典学派的个人“意志自由论”到刑事人类学派的个人“生来犯罪论”,都是犯罪原因的一元论。前者一元在个体的意志决定,后者一元在个体的生来决定。其共同点都认为犯罪原因只来自于个体本身。因此,刑事责任也只归罪于个体的本身了。然而刑事社会学派(指最高盛誉享有者李斯特)既从社会整体寻找到犯罪的原因,总结出了犯罪是由个人的原因加上社会的原因造成的,即“二因论”。这无疑是一个重大     

社会资本视角下的农民工非法维权——私力救济式农民工犯罪分析

在为城市发展作出杰出贡献的同时,农民工的犯罪问题日益突出。农民工犯罪按照其动机可以分为两类,私力救济式农民工犯罪和对他人利益侵害式犯罪。私力救济式农民工犯罪,是农民工在合法维权未果的情况下采取的一种特殊的极端的维权方式。本文试图从社会资本社会信任角度分析此类犯罪的原因。并提出农民工维权的政策性建议。     

绑架案件侦查要略

2003年以来,天津市共发生绑架案件26起,破获25起,破案率为96.2%,共有4名人质死亡。这26起绑架案件具有以下几个突出特点:作案的主要动机是勒索钱财26起绑架案件中,犯罪分子以绑架人质为手段勒索赎金的共23起,占88.5%;由各类经济纠纷引发的绑架案件共2起,占7.7%;以绑架人质手段报复社会、报复他人的1起,占3.8%。2003年春节,犯罪嫌     

试析我国刑法关于共同犯罪的理论基础

一、共同犯罪的本质属性在于二人以上共同犯罪行为的社会危害性 马克思主义认为:“犯罪——孤立的个人反对统治关系的斗争,和法一样,也不是随心所欲地产生的。相反地,犯罪和现行的统治都产生于相同的条件。”并且进一步指出,“蔑视社会程序的最明显、最极端的表现就是犯罪。”马克思主义关于犯罪的这些经典论述告诉我们:犯罪是阶级社会的产物,是一个历史的范畴,它和现行统治都产生于相同的条件;犯罪是孤立的个人反对统治关系的最明显、最极端的表现;犯罪的本质属性在于犯罪的社会危害性,即掌握国家政权的统治阶级认为行为具有严重侵犯其统治关系的性质。在我国,也就是指行为对社会主义国家和人民利益的严重侵犯性。这是我们研究我国刑法中所规定的一节犯罪(包括共同犯罪)的出发点和核心。也是我国刑法理论与资产阶级以行为为中心的客观主义刑法理论和以行为人为中心的主观主义刑法理论的根本区别所在。     

儒家法文化与西方宪政文化

据前贤时哲的研究,18、19世纪西方宪政文化的理论来源,一是洛克、霍布斯等人的社会契约说;二是亚当·斯密斯的自由放任主义;三是洛克、孟德斯鸠的分权制衡学说。在这三方面理论的综合基础上,产生了以个体为本位的宪政文化。其要点有四:一、个人主义即极端尊重个人的思想,它以个人为社会主体,以个人为唯一的实在,社会只是个人所组成的产物,个人是目的,社会只是促使个人人格完成、物质和精神生活圆满的手段。因此,极端尊重个     

现代刑法中报复主义残迹的清算

以“恶”为主线的传统刑法在相当程度上具有报复色彩,报复主义起源于人性复仇本能,受到人类社会的相互性原则限制后,流变为罪刑均衡的报应论。但个人的复仇本能常被国家利用,国家权威本能更易增加新的复仇性,进而把罪犯视为社会的敌人。报复主义在解决犯罪的同时又酝酿着新的犯罪,现代刑法要特别警惕报复主义借国家权威主义哲学观发作。     

The Truth Behind the Lies: The Complex Motivations for False Allegations of Sexual Assault

The issue of false allegations is arguably the most controversial topic in the area of sexual violence. Portrayals of women who make false allegations are largely negative and leave little room for a comprehensive understanding of the complex motivations behind false complaints of sexual assault. The current study uses detailed qualitative data on 55 sexual assault cases that were reported to the Los Angeles Police Department in 2008 and that were subsequently unfounded. Our study focuses on identifying the factors that motivated complainants to file false allegations. Results reveal that motivations for false allegations fall into five overlapping categories: avoiding trouble/providing an alibi, anger or revenge, attention seeking, mental illness, and guilt/remorse. In addition, our findings more obviously suggest that motivations for filing false reports are varied and complex, often resulting from a need to alleviate social and personal distress. Given that we centered our study on motivations, this research is more comprehensive than prior examinations of motivations that have tackled numerous facets of false sexual assault reports.     

极端犯罪的形成机制及其预防与应对

极端犯罪的共同心理现象是行为性质极其严重；诱发因素与行为及结果相比明显缺乏逻辑联系；犯罪人经历过早期的挫折及心理创伤有严重情绪积累。极端犯罪行为人心理有共同本质即需要获得对生命、财产的控制权。其形成有内在因素，也有外在因素。极端犯罪行为的预防与应对包括社会和警察两个方面：即全社会需要对极端犯罪行为加强预防；警察对极端犯罪行为也要有特别的应对。     

Feelings of revenge, retaliation motive, and posttraumatic stress reactions in crime victims

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often said to experience strong feelings of revenge. However, there is a need for confirmatory empirical studies. Therefore, in a study of 174 victims of violent crimes, the relation between feelings of revenge and posttraumatic stress reactions was investigated. Feelings of revenge were correlated with intrusion and hyperarousal but not with avoidance. Feelings of revenge explained incremental variance of intrusion and hyperarousal when the variance explained by victimological variables was controlled. The retaliation motive implied in feelings of revenge did not account for the relation between feelings of revenge and posttraumatic stress reactions. However, the relation was moderated by the time since victimization. Therefore, feelings of revenge must presumably be regarded as a maladaptive coping reaction to experienced injustice, but not in the first period after victimization.     

Victims’ motivations for reporting to the ‘fraud justice network’

ABSTRACT

It is well-established that (online) fraud has one of the lowest reporting rates across all crime categories. However, there is a large gap examining why some victims choose to report online fraud offenses. Therefore, this paper examines the under-researched group of online fraud victims who reported their crimes to authorities. Based on interviews with 80 victims across Australia, who lost at least AUD10,000 to online fraud, this paper demonstrates two motivations behind reporting: a sense of individual justice, and an altruistic notion of protecting others. The paper also highlights the negativity associated with the reporting process. The paper uses these findings to determine what can be learnt from the victims who were willing to report. It concludes with a discussion of the challenges evident in seeking to improve the confidence of victims reporting to authorities.     

对当前农村涉爆犯罪有关问题的思考

近年来,农村涉爆犯罪突出,给人民生命财产、社会公共安全造成严重的危害,对构建社会主义和谐社会造成极大的影响。通过对当前农村涉爆犯罪个案和总体分析,探讨引发这类案件的原因,针对这些情况,提出积极疏导化解纠纷、矛盾,活跃农村文化生活,加强法制宣传教育;对民爆器材实施“封闭管理”;注重涉爆犯罪信息收集,严厉打击涉爆犯罪,维护农村社会稳定。     

An Exploratory Study of Honor Crimes in the United States

There is a lack of research on honor crimes within the United States. We used an open source search methodology to identify the victim-offender relationship and motivations for this crime within the United States. Using data collected based on the protocol for the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), we identified a total of 16 honor crimes with 40 victims that occurred between January 1st 1990 and December 31st 2014 in the United States. Based on our findings, the overarching motivations for honor crimes in the United States were the perpetrator’s former partner beginning the process of separation and the westernized behavior of the victim, typically the offender’s daughter or step-daughter. Honor crimes were not limited to current/former intimate partners or daughters, as they also included the death of extended family members (e.g. in-laws, nieces, and cousins). Policy implications and directions for future research on honor crimes are discussed.     

Arson for revenge: The role of environmental situation,age, sex,and race

Research on arson and its many motivations continues to be absent from the criminological literature. Although some authorities cite revenge or retaliation as the primary motive for arson in certain areas of our central cities, revenge arson has not been systematically addressed. The research presented here explores whether demographic variables (age, race, and sex) along with the environmental character of the offender's place of residence adequately determine the likelihood that offenders will commit arson for revenge. The analysis not only indicates that important age and racial differences affect the likelihood that individuals will use fire as a weapon of retaliation but also reveals that the environmental situation or character of the offender's place of residence appears to condition the relationship of both age and race with retaliation.     

The Motivation Behind Serial Sexual Homicide: Is It Sex,Power, and Control,or Anger?*

Controversy exists in the literature and society regarding what motivates serial sexual killers to commit their crimes. Hypotheses range from the seeking of sexual gratification to the achievement of power and control to the expression of anger. The authors provide theoretical, empirical, evolutionary, and physiological support for the argument that serial sexual murderers above all commit their crimes in pursuit of sadistic pleasure. The seeking of power and control over victims is believed to serve the two secondary purposes of heightening sexual arousal and ensuring victim presence for the crime. Anger is not considered a key component of these offenders' motivation due to its inhibitory physiological effect on sexual functioning. On the contrary, criminal investigations into serial sexual killings consistently reveal erotically charged crimes, with sexual motivation expressed either overtly or symbolically. Although anger may be correlated with serial sexual homicide offenders, as it is with criminal offenders in general, it is not causative. The authors further believe serial sexual murderers should be considered sex offenders. A significant proportion of them appear to have paraphilic disorders within the spectrum of sexual sadism. "sexual sadism, homicidal type" is proposed as a diagnostic subtype of sexual sadism applicable to many of these offenders, and a suggested modification of DSM criteria is presented.     

双层社会视阈下数据犯罪的法益规制思路

从网络到现实,双层社会迅速形成,相关犯罪亦从现实社会迁移至网络社会。如何应对伴生的新型犯罪形态,关键在于能否全面、清晰认知双层社会的链接点——数据。数据犯罪随双层社会固化而持续扩张,立法、司法均提出各自的应对思路,但规制现状并不乐观。以数据犯罪为核心,分析该犯罪形态在立法与司法领域的表征,并结合其技术与社会的双重价值属性,针对受损法益展开分析,最终实现对相关罪名适用的逻辑化探索。