试论《立法法》提前参与制度——以司法程序为参照

基于正当法律程序"公因式",以司法程序为参照,发现《立法法》提前参与制度与正当法律程序存在背离,表现为角色分化的程序构件磨损;立法官僚成为先入之见者,失去中立立场;交涉利益的两造和决定者身份模糊。可能的危害是,加深部门化倾向,消解程序功能,降低立法质量。提前参与制度与人大及其常委会主导权的异化、提案主体"理性经济人"现象、立法国家理性主义构建的路径依赖、法律工具主义的影响、立法程序理论研究的薄弱等存在关联。其处于立法程序的关键环节,地位特殊,需要以之为切入点,对我国立法程序进行理性设计:将公开和辩论确定为审议原则,建立审议争点制度和"立""审"分离的立法运行机制,按照法官化的要求改造立法官僚,推动法律委员会提档升级。     

完善我国立法体制路径探究

本文通过指出并分析目前我国立法体制中存在的问题,探讨完善我国立法体制的途径,主要从主体与程序两个方面,提出完善我国立法体制的对策:主体方面包括提高人大代表参与立法的积极性、明确代表责任制、人大代表专职化的可行性分析;程序方面包括设立提前送达程序、强化审议时利益表达机制、起草主体多样化等。     

民事法律立法语言失范问题检讨

民事法律立法语言失范是指民事制定法的语言表述违反语言科学规律和相应规则,造成语法错误、语义分歧、逻辑失恰、分类混乱、风格失调、混合交叉等多种谬误。立法语言失范的根本原因在于对立法表达技术的轻视和立法程序设计的不足。立法语言失范降低了制定法的质量,给立法活动、司法实践、法学教育、普法工作带来现实的困难与危害,损害了制定法的庄严性和权威性,同时对语言科学的发展造成破坏。立法机关应当设立立法语言审查机构,清理失范的立法语言,为新法制定设计立法语言前置审查程序,在每一部法律草案提交审议前先行作出立法语言审查,保证提交审议的法律文本语言正确,能够充分表达立法意图。     

刑事公诉案件撤回起诉的司法实践与思考

刑事诉讼的撤回起诉制度以一种刑事诉讼过滤机制和诉讼程序补救机制,彰显诉讼的程序价值和人权保障功能,体现公正执法,促进社会和谐稳定.笔者试从诉讼功能、立法现状、程序运作、制度完善等方面对刑事案件撤回起诉作以初步探讨.     

中国的行政程序立法:语境、问题与方案

本文从现代行政国家中行政权不断增长与行政程序发展之间的内在联系入手 ,指出了现代法治国家中行政程序对行政权行使理性化的重要功能。通过对西方主要国家行政程序发展的简要考察 ,文章强调 :我国正在进行的行政程序立法 ,是一个“政府再造”的契机。围绕着我国行政程序立法 ,文章对我国行政程序立法的制度基础、理论基础、以及相关的现实问题进行了扼要归纳 ,这些归纳构成中国行政程序立法的语境。在此基础上 ,文章结合《行政程序法》(专家试拟稿 )的基本框架 ,对我国行政程序立法的立法模式、目标、结构、以及行政程序法与其他相关法律关系等问题进行了讨论。本文的主要目的是指出我国行政程序立法的语境 ,提出立法中的基本问题 ,并探讨可能的方案 ,从而引发对这些问题更多、更深入的关注     

刑事诉讼中的程序抗诉新论——以立法为中心

程序抗诉具有重要的诉讼价值。在西方国家,程序抗诉的立法可以区分为附属立法、独立立法和混合立法三种模式。我国在检察机关针对法院审判违反法定诉讼程序情形提出程序抗诉的法律规范方面存在较多的问题,以致无法有效彰显程序公正的理念和实现抗诉制度的功能。为此,应当立足实际,借鉴其他国家立法经验,从区分事实抗诉理由和程序抗诉理由、明确列举程序抗诉的绝对理由、确立为法律利益的非常抗诉等方面完善我国程序抗诉的立法。     

从中美比较视角看我国行政立法程序的改进

从中美比较的角度来看,当前我国行政立法程序主要存在着规定行政立法程序的立法位阶不高、立法程序的种类较少、公众无立法动议权、法律规定不具体及公众参与程度低等问题.本文针对这些问题,合理借鉴美国行政立法程序的有益经验,就提高我国行政立法程序的立法层次和公众参与程度.改进和完善我国行政立法程序提出可资借鉴的建议.     

行政立法民主保障之问题与对策

由于行政机关与权力机关在组织形式、责任体制、权力来源等方面都具有质的不同,而且目前行政立法实践中存在立法主体层级过多、权界不清,立法内容重权力、轻责任、重实体、轻程序,立法程序有违民主与公正等问题,为贯彻和落实行政立法民主化基本原则,加强对行政立法权的规范与制约,增强和完善行政立法的民主保障,应当限制行政立法主体范围,统一行政立法程序规定,切实保障行政相对人的行政立法参与权,健全和完善系统而有效的权力滥用防范机制。     

程序与证据的纽带——评杨宇冠博士的新作《非法证据排除规则研究》一书

非法证据排除是二战以后欧美法治国家刑事诉讼法学研究的一个热点问题，也是我国当前司法实践中迫切需要解决的一个重大问题。非法证据排除规则是一个联系程序与证据的中枢和纽带，它把整个证据领域与法治程序贯通起来，而且，这一制度并不仅仅具有惩戒的功能，事后的处分只是一个方面；它同时还具有预防的功能，通过明定的排除机制使得取证人员逐渐摒弃非法取证的方式。我国目前的证据立法研究，正在学界和实务部门的共同推动下不断深入。证据法学领域的各项理论与制度，也已获得了前所未有的关注。非法证据排除规则已成为一个在法学类期刊…     

行政立法过程的利益表达、意见沟通和整合

行政法律规则需要通过沟通程序证明自己的正当性 ,即客观性 (真实性 )和主体性 (可接受性 )。通过社会学视角和手法 ,可以揭示行政立法的非正式程序和正式程序的多样性和复杂性 ,以及它们如何表达不同利益、吸纳不同意见的。在多元利益冲突的后计划时代背景下 ,政府必须在行政立法过程中调整和协调不同利益 ,既要坚持中立原则又要坚持主动原则。     

论立法规划的性质

立法规划,指一定的国家机关依照法定的职权,在一定政策与原则的指导下,根据一定的方式、程序与技术,对立法的进程进行的系统安排与设计。立法规划不仅仅是一种技术,或立法过程中的一个阶段,而且是立法政策的体现。立法规划具有政策性、非正式程序性和技术性。     

Dimensions of Legislative Conflict: Coalitions,Obstructionism, and Lawmaking in Multiparty Presidential Regimes

This article addresses central issues in multiparty presidential systems: the functioning of legislative coalitions and the dynamics of legislative conflict. Since electoral competition has elements of both positive‐sum (increase in common support) and zero‐sum (exact division of the support) qualities, lawmaking in coalitional systems presents unique challenges. Using legislative data from Brazil, we examine how coalition management and unity affect legislative delay and obstructionism. We find, among others, that: (1) coalition management is pivotal for both faster legislative approval and less obstructionism, but its effect depends on coalition size; and (2) cohesive opposition impedes the legislative process.     

The patient protection and affordable care act: the victory of unorthodox lawmaking

The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was a major legislative achievement of the 111th Congress. This law structurally reforms the US health care system by encouraging universal health care coverage through regulated competition among private insurance companies. When looking at the process for reform, what strikes an observer of US health care policy in the first place is that the Democratic majority was able to enact something in a political field characterized by strong resistance to change. This article builds on that observation. Arguments concentrate on the legislative process of the reform and support the idea that it may be partly explained by considering an evolution of US legislative institutions, mostly in the sense of a more centralized legislative process. Based on approximately one hundred semidirected interviews, I argue that the Democratic majority, building on lessons from both President Bill Clinton's health care reform attempt and the Republicans' strategy of using strong congressional leadership to pass social reforms, was able to overcome institutional constraints that have long prevented comprehensive change. A more centralized legislative process, which has been described as "unorthodox lawmaking," enabled the Democratic leadership to overcome multiple institutional and political veto players.     

Economic crisis and lawmaking. The impact of crisis on legislative agenda in Italy

Major economic crises are focal events that often drive changes in various aspects of political systems. Although extensive work has been done to investigate the effect of exogenous shocks on political phenomena such as government termination, public opinion and policy outcomes, the impact of major crises on the process of policymaking has so far received scarce attention. Building on existing literature on policy agendas and legislative organization, this paper explores how the Eurozone crisis has affected the legislative agenda of the Italian parliament. The data used include information on the 1,110 bills submitted to parliament during Legislature XVI (2008–2013). Our analysis shows that, with the worsening of the crisis, bill proposals related to macroeconomic issues become increasingly more likely to enter the legislative agenda, displacing legislation dealing with other topics. Our argument is corroborated by a comparison between Legislature XVI and a pre-crisis legislature (2001–2006), as in the latter term the legislative agenda follows different patterns.     

立法过程中专家咨询制度的多维面相

我国正处于全面建设小康社会的关键时期,利益多元化与利益失衡现象并存。如何有效地回应社会需求,避免立法疏误,提高立法品质,增强立法的正当性是立法主体必须面对的问题。专家咨询制度具有多维面相,从政治民主的角度看是立法民主的表现,从科学决策的角度看是立法科学的保证,从法治的角度看是立法合法的要求,从公共治理的角度看是立法正当的期待。全面认识和把握专家咨询制度的多维面相,有助于充分发挥其在立法过程中的功能和作用。     

Institutional change in the European Parliament: balancing legislative ethics and parliamentary independence

Research on legislative ethics has shown how scandals often trigger ethics reform; yet, the content of the reform often differs from that of the scandal. Why is this the case? And if scandals don't explain legislative ethics reform outcomes, then what does? If not this kind of external shock, then what factor(s) shape legislative reform outcomes? These questions provide the point of departure for a case study of the European Parliament's 2011 ethics reform. Drawing from the legislative ethics literature and from recent theories of institutional change, the article examines the impact of the scandal that initiated the reform, the interests and strategies of reform agents who wanted a quick reform process that would not undermine the EP's independence; and the institutional order in which those actors were embedded. It argues that an institutional logics perspective offers a convincing and comprehensive account of EP ethics reform, and suggests a new analytical framework that might be used by researchers in future research on legislative ethics.     

Committees and Legislative Strengthening: The Growing Influence of Committees in Ukraine's Legislative Process

The Ukrainian legislature is in the process of transforming from a ‘rubber stamp’ institution of the Soviet type into an ‘institution that matters’ in a new democratic state. The practice of democratic institution building in the post-Soviet countries presents multiple examples of powerful executives who gained dominance in legislative processes. What path has Ukraine taken and what can explain its specific characteristics? This article charts the growth of committees here as a marker of legislative institutionalisation in Ukraine. The study finds that Ukrainian legislative committees defy prevalent regional trends and, contrary to expectations, have asserted independent roles. It then discusses factors that may account for this unique regional development – the role of a dual executive structure and the Ukraine party system.     

Impact Assessment of EU Non‐Legislative Rulemaking: The Missing Link in ‘New Comitology’

Impact assessment (IA) has gone from an innocuous technical tool typically used in the pre‐legislative phase to an instrument at the heart of the European institutional machinery. However—in deviation from its roots as a tool governing delegated rulemaking in the US—most experience with IA in the EU has been gathered in a legislative context. Against the background of the recent evolution of the EU's old ‘comitology’ system into a two‐track system of delegated acts and implementing measures, this contribution discusses in three parts the ‘whys,’ ‘whats’ and ‘hows’ of extending IA to ‘non‐legislative rulemaking.’ It explores various aspects of the rulemaking process that IA—if properly applied—could strengthen: consultation, control and quality.     

Government,Parliament and Law-making in Poland

This paper examines the process of law-making in Poland during the 1997–2001 and 2001–2005 legislative terms. The analysis focuses on the initiation, amendment and finalisation stages of the legislative process within both the government and parliament and considers the boundary, content, temporal and information rules that shape this process. Within government, the preparation of, and decision-making on bills to be submitted to parliament are characterised by a dominance of ministerial law-making strategies, with a very limited coordinating capacity for the core executive (that is, the cabinet, the prime minister and the institutions that serve them). Within parliament, the government possesses weak agenda control and few formal means of defending its legislation against rival bills and amendments. There is some evidence to suggest that this decentralised legislative setting is one of the key drivers behind legislative growth and instability.