阿散酸在猪体内的药动学与生物利用度研究

选用体重25 kg左右的长×大二元杂健康猪8头,按双周期双交叉试验设计,进行静脉注射与内服阿散酸(10 mg/kg)的药动学研究。采用高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中阿散酸的浓度,用统计矩原理处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。结果显示:健康猪静脉注射阿散酸后的主要药动学参数为β=0.55 h-1±0.01h-1,t1/2β=1.26h±0.03 h,Vz=0.30L/kg±0.01 L/kg,Vdss=0.29 L/kg±0.01 L/kg,CL=0.17 L/(kg.h)±0.01 L/(kg.h),MRT=1.75 h±0.07 h,AUC=60.44μg/mL.h±0.01μg/mL.h;内服给药的主要药动学参数为β=0.39 h-1±0.02 h-1,t1/2β=1.79 h±0.09 h,tmax=1.81 h±0.09 h,Cmax=3.43μg/mL±0.53μg/mL,MRT=3.95 h±0.13 h,AUC=15.12μg/mL.h±0.01μg/mL.h,F=24.5%±3.4%。研究结果表明,阿散酸在健康猪体内的药动学特征为内服吸收迅速,血药浓度达峰时间短,但药物峰浓度低,绝对生物利用度低,消除快...     

沃尼妙林在猪体内的生物利用度及药代动力学研究

选用体重20kg左右的大×长二元健康阉公猪8头,按双周期、双交叉试验设计,进行静脉注射及内服沃尼妙林(10.5mg/kg)的药代动力学研究。采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪血浆中沃尼妙林的浓度,用3P97药代动力学程序处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。结果,健康猪静脉注射给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室模型,主要药代动力学参数为:t1/2α=0.21h±0.07h,t1/2β=3.09h±1.09h,Vd=3.64L/kg±0.43L/kg,CLB=0.83L/(kg·h)±0.29L/(kg·h),AUC=12.93mg/L·h±4.57mg/L·h。健康猪内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收一室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数为:t1/2ka=0.76h±0.05h,t1/2kel=2.19h±0.31h,tmax=1.70h±0.04h,Cmax=1.35μg/mL±0.06μg/mL,AUC=7.34mg/L·h±0.52mg/L·h,F=56.62%±3.75%。结果表明,沃尼妙林在健康猪体内的药代动力学特征是:内服吸收迅速,血药浓度达峰时间短,药物峰浓度高,绝对生物利用度较高,但有效血药浓度维持时间短,药物消除较快。     

泰拉霉素在猪体内的药动学特征及其血浆蛋白结合率的研究

本研究旨在比较自制泰拉霉素注射液和瑞可新注射液在猪体内的药代动力学特征,并测定泰拉霉素在猪体内的血浆蛋白结合率。18头健康猪被随机分为3组,分别进行单剂量(2.5 mg/kg)静脉注射、肌内注射泰拉霉素注射液和肌内注射瑞可新注射液,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定猪血浆中泰拉霉素的浓度,采用药动学软件Winnonlin 5.2.1处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据,并计算出有关药动学参数。采用超滤法考察泰拉霉素在猪体内的血浆蛋白结合率。结果,静脉注射自制泰拉霉素注射液后,其主要药动学参数为t_(1/2β)=72.20 h±20.35 h,AUC_(last)=11.31 g·h/mL±4.20 g·h/mL,MRT=72.01 h±14.81 h。肌内注射泰拉霉素注射液和瑞可新注射液后的主要药动学参数如下,t_(max)分别为0.50 h±0.22 h,0.22 h±0.07h;C_(max)分别为1.18 g/mL±0.55 g/mL,1.81 g/mL±0.68 g/mL;AUC_(last)分别为10.85 g·h/mL±4.76g·h/mL,12.06 g·h/mL±3.08 g·h/mL;t1/2β分别为68.59 h±14.29 h,68.01 h±15.10 h。与瑞可新相比,自制泰拉霉素注射液相对生物利用度为92.95%±16.89%,绝对生物利用度为93.90%±19.11%。上述结果表明,猪肌内注射泰拉霉素后吸收迅速,体内分布广泛,消除缓慢,生物利用度高;自制泰拉霉素注射液与瑞可新的药动学特征相似,生物利用度相当;泰拉霉素的血浆蛋白结合率高达95.17%,属于高蛋白结合率化合物且无浓度依赖性。     

吉他霉素在猪体内的药代动力学特征及残留检测方法的研究

对7头健康猪按随机交叉设计经单剂量(2.5×104U/kg)内服吉他霉素原药及其微囊制剂进行了药代动力学试验。血浆样品经磷酸氢二钾溶液碱化、无水乙醚提取后,采用HPLC法测定血药浓度。结果表明,药时数据均符合一级吸收二室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数为:原药t1/2ka=0.23h±0.05h,t1/2β=6.43h±2.38h,tmax=0.65h±0.17h,Cmax=6.97μg/mL±1.40μg/mL,AUC=19.98mg/(L.h)±8.16mg/(L.h);微囊制剂t1/2ka=0.55h±0.16h,t1/2β=10.63h±3.73h,tmax=1.25h±0.23h,Cmax=7.97μg/mL±1.63μg/mL,AUC=36.24mg/(L.h)±6.15mg/(L.h)。吉他霉素原药在猪体内吸收较快,但其微囊制剂分布更广泛并消除较缓慢。对猪肌肉、肝和肾等添加吉他霉素标样后均采用0.2%偏磷酸-甲醇萃取后过SCX小柱用甲醇抽提吹干,脂肪加标样采用正己烷除脂后用甲醇反萃取减压蒸干。采用HPLC法测定组织浓度。结果,各组织在0.05～6.4μg/g范围内线性关系良好(r0.999),吉他霉素在各组织中回收率均大于65.38%,批内及批间变异系数分别小于5.56%和4.60%,检测限为0.05μg/g。结果表明,此方法重复性好、灵敏度高,可用于猪组织中吉他霉素残留的检测。     

二氟沙星在鸡体内的药物代谢动力学及生物利用度研究

将 30只艾维茵肉鸡随机分为 3组 ,进行了静脉注射、肌肉注射及内服二氟沙星的药物代谢动力学研究。血浆样品经甲醇沉淀血浆蛋白 ,高速离心 ,用反相高效液相色谱法测定鸡血浆中二氟沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理血浆药物浓度 时间数据。结果 ,健康鸡静脉注射给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型 ,主要药物代谢动力学参数为 :t1/ 2α=0 .6 9h± 0 .4 3h ;t1/ 2 β=6 .11h± 1.5 0h ;V1=1.70L/kg±0 .33L/kg ;Vd(area) =3.10L/kg± 0 .6 7L/kg ;ClB=0 .37L/ (kg·h)±0 .10L/ (kg·h) ;AUC =2 9.16 μg/ (mL·h)± 8.0 4 μg/ (mL·h)。健康鸡肌肉注射及内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收一室模型 ,前者的主要药物代谢动力学参数为 :t1/ 2Ka=0 .17h± 0 .12h ,t1/ 2Ke=5 .6 4h± 0 .74h ,tmax =0 .86h± 0 .4 0h ,Cmax =2 .5 1μg/mL± 0 .36 μg/mL ,AUC =2 2 .6 2μg/ (mL·h) ± 3.2 8μg/ (mL·h) ,F =77.0 %± 11.8% ;后者的药物代谢动力学参数为 :t1/ 2Ka=1.4 6h± 1.0 0h ,t1/ 2Ke=8.2 0h± 3.12h ,tmax=4 .34h± 2 .4 0h ,Cmax=1.0 0 μg/mL± 0 .2 1μg/mL ,AUC =15 .82 μg/ (mL·h) ± 3.6 7μg/ (mL·h) ,F =5 4.2 %± 12 .6 %。二氟沙星在健康鸡体内的主要药物代谢动力学特征为 :表观分布容积大     

地昔尼尔乳剂的制备及其HPLC测定方法的建立

为制备地昔尼尔乳剂并建立其质量浓度的测定方法,以稳定常数和离心稳定性作为乳剂稳定性评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交设计试验法考察处方因素和工艺因素对乳剂稳定性的影响,以筛选出乳剂的最优处方和制备工艺;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定乳剂的药物质量浓度。结果显示,地昔尼尔乳剂的最优处方为地昔尼尔50g/L、乳化剂70mL/L、油相125mL/L、助乳化剂160mL/L、稳定剂为3.5g/L;地昔尼尔乳剂的制备方法为乳化温度50℃,20 000r/min高速搅拌10min。建立的HPLC色谱条件为色谱柱X Bridge C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相乙腈与水(6mL/L三乙胺+2mL/L甲酸)的体积比为10∶90,流速0.8mL/min,柱温30℃,紫外检测波长267nm,进样体积20μL。在10~100μg/mL的质量浓度范围内,峰面积与药物浓度呈良好线性关系(r2=0.999 9,n=7),回归方程为y=148.01x+91.629。精密度试验相对标准偏差均小于2%,在80%、100%和120%3个添加水平时,平均回收率为98.36%,精密度、回收率均符合要求。定量限和检测限分别为10ng/mL和20ng/mL,测得3批地昔尼尔乳剂的平均质量浓度为49.29mg/mL,为标示量的98.57%。结果表明,该处方合理、制备工艺可靠,所建立的高效液相色谱法可用于地昔尼尔乳剂的检测。     

盐酸沙拉沙星混悬乳剂的制备及在家兔体内药动学的研究

采用高压均质法制备盐酸沙拉沙星混悬乳剂,测定其沉降体积比、重分散特性和粒径;将家兔分别单剂量肌肉注射盐酸沙拉沙星注射液和盐酸沙拉沙星混悬乳剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定家兔血浆中药物浓度,用DAS2.0药动学程序计算药动学参数。结果显示,制备的盐酸沙拉沙星混悬乳剂的沉降体积比为100%,重分散特性好,平均粒径为8.61μm。盐酸沙拉沙星混悬乳剂和盐酸沙拉沙星注射液在家兔体内的消除半衰期分别为11.89h±3.08h和5.04h±1.19h,AUC分别为15.38(h·μg)/mL±1.99(h·μg)/mL和4.90(h·μg)/mL±1.35(h·μg)/mL。结果表明,高压均质法制备盐酸沙拉沙星混悬乳剂的工艺简单可行,盐酸沙拉沙星混悬乳剂在家兔体内吸收、消除速度缓慢,作用时间延长,具有良好的缓释性能。     

100g/kg磷酸替米考星可溶性粉和100g/L替米考星溶液在鸡体内的比较药动学

采用单剂量平行随机对照试验设计,将24只健康肉用商品鸡随机分成2组,每组公母各半。分别单剂量(12mg/kg,根据体重以替米考星计)经口内服100g/kg磷酸替米考星可溶性粉和100g/L替米考星溶液(对照品)。给药后按预定时间采集血样,血浆中替米考星的质量浓度采用HPLC紫外检测器进行定量分析。对实测的血药浓度-时间数据采用Winnonlin5.2药动学分析软件计算药代动力学参数,对100g/kg磷酸替米考星可溶性粉和100g/L替米考星溶液在鸡体内的药动学参数进行比较研究。结果显示,100g/L替米考星溶液对照品单剂量内服后,平均消除半衰期(t1/2β)为17.316h,达峰时间(tmax)和峰值浓度(Cmax)分别为1.083h和0.399μg/mL,平均药时曲线下面积(AUC)为1.891h·μg/mL,平均滞留时间(MRT)为8.286h;100g/kg磷酸替米考星可溶性粉单剂量内服后,t1/2β为13.207h,tmax和Cmax分别为1.333h和0.372μg/mL,AUC为1.813h·μg/mL,MRT为7.612h。结果表明,100g/kg磷酸替米考星可溶性粉和100g/L替米考星溶液口服给药在鸡胃肠道内吸收迅速,消除较慢。两者经口给药的主要药动学参数之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

硫酸阿米卡星在德国牧羊犬体内的比较药代动力学研究

将9只健康成年德国牧羊犬随机分成3组,按随机正交试验设计,经静脉注射、肌肉注射和皮下注射硫酸阿米卡星注射液(10 mg/kg),以比较不同给药途径在德国牧羊犬体内的药代动力学特征。血浆样品经三氯乙酸提取后,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度,使用药代动力学程序3p97软件对药-时数据进行处理。结果显示,静脉注射硫酸阿米卡星的药-时数据符合二室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数为:t1/2α=0.121 h,t1/2β=1.612 h,Vc=0.095 L/kg,CLs=0.080 L/(kg.h),AUC=129.2μg/mL.h。肌肉注射和皮下注射硫酸阿米卡星的药-时数据均符合一级吸收二室模型,主要药代动力学参数分别为:t1/2α=0.486 h和0.636 h,t1/2β=1.404 h和1.782 h,tmax=0.785 h和0.894 h,Cmax=44.59μg/mL和31.42μg/mL,AUC=117.0μg/mL.h和105.1μg/mL.h,F=91.32%和81.02%。结果表明,静脉注射分布迅速且广泛,消除较快;肌肉注射和皮下注射吸收迅速完全,消除均迅速,生物利用度高;肌肉注射较皮下注射达峰时间短、峰浓度高和生物利用度高。     

单次静脉注射后乙酰甲喹在大鼠血浆和尿液中的药动学研究

为了更全面地了解乙酰甲喹的药动学特征,选用16只健康雄性成年大鼠,随机将其分为2组,进行单剂量静脉注射(10mg/kg)给药途径下药物的血浆和尿液药动学研究。采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测血浆及尿液中的药物浓度,之后分别采用房室分析和速度法计算血浆和尿液中乙酰甲喹的药动学参数。结果显示,大鼠静脉注射乙酰甲喹后,血浆质量浓度-时间数据的最优拟合模型为二室开放模型,主要药动学参数如下:表观分布容积为7 113.77mL/kg±1 156.79mL/kg,分布速率常数2.55h-1±0.12h-1,消除速率常数为0.20h-1±0.02h-1,体清除率为1 421.79mL/(h·kg)±114.18mL/(h·kg)。速度法计算得到的乙酰甲喹的药动学参数如下:β为0.24h-1±0.03h-1,肾排泄速度常数为0.082h-1±0.005h-1,肾清除率为583.33mL/(h·kg),肝清除率为838.46mL/(h·kg)。本研究证实,乙酰甲喹在大鼠体内分布广泛、消除缓慢,且主要消除器官为肝,其次为肾。     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

中国需要构建怎样的周边(英文)

正The new central leadership has highlighted the strategic importance of better relations with neighboring countries and the construction of a solid foundation for China’s neighborhood strategy so as to create favorable conditions for Chinese development.1China is strengthening top-level strategy in foreign relations,focusing on global-level relations and staying committed to relations     

Learning from Others and Starting Built-to-last Companies

正Ruicheng Group was founded in Qiqihar,a city located in one of the three major ‘Chernozem belts’ in the world,the fertile Songnen Plain,and one known as the ‘home of red-crowned cranes’ Over the years,our business developed from being only one supermarket in the beginning to a corporate group operating in multiple sectors,from supermarket chain and real estate to property management and preschool education.     

中巴关系的发展及其认识误区（英文）

China and Brazil established a strategic partnership in 1993. The bilateral ties have seen rapid development in almost all areas. However, there are eight myths surrounding the China-Brazil relations. These myths are the result of a lack of mutual understanding as well as the misconceptions result misconceptions of the western observers and media. These misunderstandings have of have jeopardized images of the China-Brazil relations and also hindered further development of their bilateral relationship.     

中国的“主场外交”:机遇、挑战与任务（英文）

The successful hosting of the CICA summit has drawn great attention The attention to China's "host diplomacy". Analyzing new features of China's "host to "host diplomacy" during this new period, this paper will look at the opportunities and challenges facing China's "host diplomacy" and discuss the problems that China should address in order to do a better job in this regard and bring its "host diplomatic advantages" into full play.     

亚洲整体性崛起及其效应(英文)

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the overall rise of the Asian geographic plate has been particularly prominently. The overall rise of Asia reflects the improvement of a large number of developing countries in Asia. The long-occupied aggressive status of the United States and Europe is weakening, and the overall rise of Asia appears more highlighted, and its impact upon the world seems more intense.     

CAFIU Convenes the 11~(th) Council Meeting in Beijing

正On the morning of April 2,2014,CAFIU held the 11th Executive Council Meeting in Beijing.Present at the Meeting were Member of the Politburo of the 17th CPC Central Committee and Vice-Chairman of the 11th CPPCC National Committee Mr.Wang Gang,ViceChairman of the 11th NPC Standing Committee and President of CAFIU Mr.Zhou Tienong,ViceChairpersons of the NPC Standing Committee Mme     

Speech by Honorary President Zhou Tienong at the 11~(th) Executive Council Meeting of CAFIU (Excerpt)

正I am very pleased to attend the 11th Executive Council Meeting of CAFIU,and would like to express my hearty congratulations to President Yan Junqi,the new leadership and the newly-elected Executive Council.I also want to express my sincere thanks for choosing me to be the Honorary President of CAFIU!