关于单位累犯认定及处罚的若干问题探讨

现行刑法规定的犯罪主体包括单位,但在累犯制度中只明确规定了自然人累犯制度,对于单位累犯的规定还较为含糊甚至空白,在实践中也存在许多对于单位累犯的认定及处罚问题.本文明确指出单位累犯应纳入累犯制度的控制范围,并给出了实践中时于单位累犯的部分处罚建议.     

单位累犯刍议

本文指出,现行刑法中的累犯制度不适用于单位犯罪。论证了构建单位累犯制度的必要性与可行性,分析了单位累犯构成要件和如何处罚单位累犯以及直接负责的有关人员,并提出了认定单位累犯中应注意解决的若干实践问题。     

有关“单位累犯”的一些思考

修订后的1997年刑法对累犯制度有了较大的修改和完善,但却在肯定了单位构成犯罪的同时,对单位是否构成累犯这一问题没有明确,学界众说纷纭。笔者通过对新刑法有关条款的考证和解读认为单位构成累犯不是新刑法的题中之意。并在此基础上否定了现有的累犯制度的构成要件能适用于单位累犯的构成,同时认为单位累犯制度应当独立于自然人累犯。     

论单位累犯

一、确立单位累犯制度的理由新刑法第65条第一款规定：“被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子,刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后,在五年以内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的,是累犯,应当从重处罚,但是过失犯罪除外。”我们说,该条该款规定的只是自然人累犯制度,而不是单位累犯制度。那么,我们就应思考一个问题,即刑法应否确立单位累犯制度及其理由是什么。笔者认为,刑法应确立单位票犯制度。确立单位累犯制度的理由分述如下：（一）刑法理论上的必然性。累犯有广义和狭义之分：“广义累犯指曾被判刑而又再次犯罪的,狭义累犯限定在广义…     

单位累犯、数罪累犯及未成年人累犯问题

累犯是我国刑罚裁量中的从严处罚制度之一,也是法定从重处罚情节之一,但对累犯制度的立法与司法疑难等方面的理论研究,较之刑法学界其他方面日渐深厚的理论积淀尚嫌不足。尤其是对现行累犯制度存在的不足及如何完善,还未形成较为一致的认识。鉴于此,本文拟对累犯制度的不足及完善进行尝试性研究。一、单位累犯问题我国刑法总则只规定自然人累犯制度,而无单位累犯制度,但是现实社会中,我们无法杜绝犯过一次罪的单位再一次犯罪。既然单位犯罪的次数在两次以上包括后一次犯罪在前一次犯罪被判刑之后具有现实可能性,那么,单位累犯制度应该能够得…     

单位累犯否定新论

现行刑法是否规定了单位累犯?应否对其予以规定?对此,学界看法不一。本文通过对刑法规定及累犯理论的分析与考察,认为刑法并未规定单位累犯;在批判原有的单位累犯否定论的基础上,从累犯制度设立及从严处罚的理论根据、单位累犯的立法建构、司法实践及国外立法例四个方面,论述了刑法不应规定单位累犯。     

单位累犯制度构建之探讨

我国现行刑法确立了单位犯罪制度,但在单位犯罪的刑罚适用方面尚存在一些缺陷,其中单位累犯制度的缺位即为其突出的表现。对单位累犯中的普通累犯制度进行了探讨,以期对完善我国刑法的有关规定有所裨益。     

单位累犯立法探讨

单位累犯具有比普通单位累犯更为严重的社会危害性。在我国刑法中建立单位累犯制度具有必要性和实践可行性。应在借鉴国外成熟的立法例的基础上,在立法中对单位累犯加以明确规定。单位累犯有其特定的概念,具有特有的犯罪构成,对单位累犯的处罚应实行双罚制,即对单位实行罚金刑,并且对单位的直接责任人员或主管人员适用较重的刑罚。     

单位累犯制度之构建

累犯制度作为一项基本的刑法制度,已经为世界各国所广泛认同,我国刑法对自然人累犯作了较为详尽的规定,但并无单位累犯的明确立法。在刑法中专门规定单位累犯制度具有合理性与必要性,应该对此作出立法上的探讨。     

单位累犯立法化

单位犯罪在当今社会十分普遍,单位的二次、三次犯罪也不鲜见,单位的屡次犯罪对社会造成了严重的危害。但我国现行刑法只规定了单位犯罪,并没有认可单位累犯。纵观其他国家刑法的规定,有的国家将单位累犯明确规定为法人累犯,并对其作出了具体的刑罚处罚。面对日益猖獗的单位屡次犯罪层出不穷的现象,我国刑法没有相关的单位累犯处罚政策。如果能将单位累犯立法化,构建适合我国的单位累犯制度,惩治单位累犯的措施,保护国家和人民的利益。     

Reentry and the Ties that Bind: An Examination of Social Ties,Employment, and Recidivism

Scholars consistently find that reentering offenders who obtain steady work and maintain social ties to family are less likely to recidivate. Some theorize that familial ties may operate through employment to influence recidivism and that such ties may also serve a moderating role. The current study employs an integrated conceptual framework in order to test hypotheses about the link between familial ties, post‐release employment, and recidivism. The findings suggest that family ties have implications for both recidivism and job attainment. In fact, the results suggest that good quality social ties may be particularly important for men with histories of frequent unemployment. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to theory and future research on prisoner reentry and recidivism.     

单位累犯已然立法肯定论之否定

单位累犯是近年来学界探讨的新兴论题。有人认为现行立法已经规定了单位累犯制度。透视单位累犯已然立法肯定论,可见该论不仅在引证宪法条款上反复偷换概念,且在解析刑法条款中严重背离立法本意,有误导司法实践之嫌,故应予以彻底否定。     

Factors related to recidivism for youthful offenders

Little is known about youth who were previously placed in a detention facility and what factors predict a subsequent recidivism to placement. This study of a two-county juvenile offender population (one urban and one rural) investigates what demographic, educational, mental health, substance dependence, and court-related variables predict recidivism to detention placement. Findings from logistic regression analysis indicate that seven variables significantly predict juvenile offenders’ recidivism placement, some expected and some unexpected. Predictors that made recidivism more likely include youth with a previous conduct disorder diagnosis, a self-reported previous suicide attempt, age, and number of court offenses. Conversely, predictors that made recidivism less likely include race (Caucasian), a previous attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, and a misdemeanor conviction. These findings indicate that the use of a community-based suicide and mental health screening and referral approach may help to identify and assist these high-risk youth in receiving needed services prior to juvenile court involvement or during delinquency adjudication.     

SOCIAL ECOLOGY AND RECIDIVISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRISONER REENTRY*

Despite the marked increase in incarceration over the past 30 years and the fact that roughly two thirds of released offenders are rearrested within 3 years of release, we know little about how the social ecology of the areas to which offenders return may influence their recidivism or whether it disproportionately affects some groups more than others. Drawing on recent scholarship on prisoner reentry and macrolevel predictors of crime, this study examines a large sample of prisoners released to Florida communities to investigate how two dimensions of social ecology—resource deprivation and racial segregation—may independently, and in interaction with specific populations, influence recidivism. The findings suggest that ecology indeed is consequential for recidivism, and it differentially influences some groups more than others. We discuss these findings and their implications for theory, research, and policy.     

The Path of Least Desistance: Inmate Compliance and Recidivism

Scholars have speculated that inmate behavior may provide a signal about the probability of desistance. One such signal may be the successful avoidance of prison infractions or the cessation of them during the course of incarceration. Drawing on studies of prison socialization, recidivism, and desistance, we assess whether patterns of inmate misconduct throughout the course of incarceration provide insight into the likelihood of a successful transition back into society. Specifically, using data on a cohort of state prisoners, this study examines whether, after controlling for potential confounders, inmate misconduct trajectories predict recidivism. The analyses indicate both that unique misconduct trajectories can be identified and that these trajectories predict the probability of recidivism and desistance net of factors associated with recidivism. Results of the study lend support to scholarship on desistance and signaling, which emphasizes the salience of in-prison experiences for understanding reentry and, in particular, reoffending.     

Survival models of recidivism among juvenile delinquents

Among juveniles, the probability of recidivism has a curvilinear relationship to age. Rates of reoffending do not simply increase or decrease with age, but rather, they increase as a function of age up to a certain point of peak activity and decrease with increasing age thereafter. Because of this, the forms of recidivism functions between cohorts of widely varying ages will differ considerably. This renders inapplicable one model for the analysis of recidivism rates which assumes proportional hazards (Cox proportional hazards regression models). Appropriate models will posit curved nonmonotonic hazard functions. This paper compares fits of the exponential, Weibull, and log-normal models to recidivism data collected on samples of chronic juvenile offenders and finds generally closer estimation of the recidivism functions using the latter model. Implications for the development of models of recidivism are discussed.     

Does a Rising Tide Lift All Boats? Labor Market Changes and Their Effects on the Recidivism of Released Prisoners

The dramatic growth in incarceration nationally has increased attention to the factors that influence recidivism among ex-prisoners. Accordingly, scholars have called for research that identifies factors, such as employment opportunities, that may influence reentry experiences. Few studies, however, have examined how changes in labor market conditions affect ex-prisoner offending. Drawing on prior scholarship, this study examines the effect of such changes on the recidivism of ex-prisoners and, in particular, how the recidivism among blacks and whites may be differentially affected by changes in labor market conditions in the areas to which they return. The analyses indicate that, among black male ex-prisoners, labor market declines increase violent recidivism. They also indicate that, among white male ex-prisoners, the effects are more tenuous, influence only property recidivism, and are moderated by prior labor market conditions and criminal history. Implications of the study are discussed.     

累犯的前提条件：犯罪还是刑罚？——对《刑法修正案（八）》第6条的解读

《刑法修正案（八）》第6条的用语特征能引发我们反思通说对累犯前提的界定。通过语义分析,《刑法》第65条的＂但书＂仅对后罪起限制作用。从实质层面分析,主观恶性、人身危险性都不是累犯的本质特征,累犯的本质在于行为人的自由刑钝感。因此,累犯前提条件的重心是受刑的经历,累犯并不关心前罪的罪责类型与主体年龄。作为过失犯罪或未成年人犯罪结果的刑罚执行,也可以作为累犯的前提。     

How should we understand the effect of age on sexual recidivism?

Abstract

Research into the effect of age on sexual recidivism risk is a relatively new and developing area of interest and is likely to be of great interest for forensic practitioners responsible for the community supervision of sexual offenders. Meta-analytical and follow-up reconviction studies indicate an inverse relationship between age and sexual recidivism risk, where younger sex offenders pose a greater risk of reconviction than older sex offenders. This finding has led to the development of actuarial risk scales which identify younger sex offenders (<25 years) as posing the greatest risk. However, recent research studies have reported contradictory results to this assumption and found a non-linear relationship between age and sexual recidivism risk. Only a small number of studies have investigated the effect of age on sexual recidivism by comparing age bands and rates of sexual recidivism. Researchers have also considered the effect of age on actuarial risk, which risk factors are associated with which age bands and sexual recidivism rates between sex offender subgroups. The purpose of this paper is to integrate this research and to link commonalities between these studies. This paper organizes the effect of age on sexual recidivism into five categories: (i) the effect of age and actuarial risk; (ii) the effect of age on sexual arousal; (iii) the effect of age-at-release on sexual recidivism risk; (iv) the effect of age-at-first-offence on sexual recidivism risk; and (v) the effect of age on child molesters and rapists on sexual recidivism risk. Important differences were found between age bands of sexual offenders in terms of sexual recidivism risk and actuarial risk factors as well as differences between rapists and child molesters. The relative importance of factoring age when assessing risk in sex offenders is discussed.     

关于完善重新犯罪防治政策出台机制的思考

我国重新犯罪率呈上升趋势,且日益突出,制定科学有效的重新犯罪防治政策已经摆在我们面前。然而,在目前,支持重新犯罪防治政策制定的平台建设不尽人意。没有一个好的政策制定平台,不可能有好的政策出台。为提高重新犯罪防治政策制定的科学水准,国家应当考虑建设与完善下面平台：重新犯罪信息发布平台,智囊库。