农民工职业病危害现状及健康权的法律保障研究——从张海超“开胸验肺事件”引发

当前,我国职业病危害突出,受到健康威胁的人数超过2亿,其中农民工群体占多数。2009年6月22日河南籍民工张海超开胸验肺事件发生后,职业病问题迅速成为社会讨论的话题,由此引发的另一个更深层次的问题——农民工的健康权。本文结合2008年新颁布的《劳动合同法》,对我国农民工职业病危害的现状进行解读,对农民工职业健康权的法律保障提出合理的建议。     

我国农民工工伤保险法律问题研究——以西宁市甘河工业园区农民工为视角

农民工作为弱势群体,他们从事的往往是繁重的体力劳动和高危职业,农民工在工作中发生危险事故导致工伤的概率相对较高,工伤事故赔偿问题、职业病困扰着农民工群体。但是在我国目前农民工工伤保险问题没有专门的法律来保护,在实践中农民工工伤保险权益维护存在诸多问题,农民工维权困难重重,因此建立和完善农民工工伤保险制度,解决农民工工伤赔偿、职业病医疗问题是该文探讨的重点。     

青岛某区职业病危害现状与防治对策研究

本文通过对青岛某区职业病危害现状调查研究，提示辖区接触职业病危害职工人数较多、年龄小、工龄短、农民工所占比例大，中小企业的职业卫生状况不容乐观。建议高度重视农民工的职业卫生问题、关注农民工权益，建立完善职业卫生良好环境。     

基于AHP的作业场所职业病风险防控

针对目前作业场所职业病防控现状,包括企业不重视,人们职业保护意识不强,政府监管不到位,职业病诊断与鉴定能力不足,对作业场所职业病风险影响因素认识不足等问题,分析了作业场所职业病风险影响因素,包括职业危害因素、职业健康安全防护、职业健康管理措施三个方面。基于AHP,对职业病风险影响因素的权重进行了计算,并对其权重进行了排序,得出对作业场所职业病风险影响较大的因素,并依此采取措施,降低作业场所职业病风险,为企业提供可行的参考依据。     

农民工工伤保险问题及维权机制研究

工伤保险是指国家和社会为在生产、工作中遭受事故伤害和患职业性疾病的劳动者及其亲属提供医疗救治、生活保障、经济补偿、医疗和职业康复等物质帮助的一种社会保障制度。农民工是我国工伤事故和职业病的高发人群,其最基本、最必要的工伤保险项目应得以优先确立。本文指出为进一步发展和完善我国农民工工伤保险制度,针对当前我国农民工工伤保险制度中存在的法律法规不健全、执法力度不够强、缺乏预防机制等问题,应参考各地实践和国际经验,健全法律法规,合理构建维权机制,逐步发展预防机制等。     

职业病农民工的无情杀手

2002年5月1日,《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》正式实施,至今已有5年。有专家认为,这是国内卫生立法中最好的、立法质量最高的、最完备的一部法律,受到国内外的好评。但随着企业经营模式、劳动用工制度的变化,职业卫生出现了许多新情况、新问题。这些主要现实问题包括:职业病防治的法律制度尚未得到全面落实;一些基层地方政府片面强调经济发展,职业病危害源头没有得到有效控制;劳动用工管理混乱,严重影响劳动者的职业病防治;职业病危害转移问题严重;职业病防治的能力严重落后于经济发展的速度,等等。2006年2月22日,卫生部部长高强在北京举行…     

放射工作人员职业健康管理办法

中华人民共和国卫生部第55号令2007年6月3日发布第一章总则第一条为了保障放射工作人员的职业健康与安全,根据《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》(以下简称《职业病防治法》)和《放射性同位素与射线装置安全和防护条例》,制定本办法。     

我国城市农民工工伤保险缺失及其治理

农民工是我国制度变迁与社会转型期间出现的特殊群体,他们为城市创造了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。农民工的劳动条件差,劳动环境恶劣,工伤事故和职业病患者大部分发生在他们之中。但我国原有的工伤保险仅仅覆盖城镇的企事业单位的公民,作为城镇居民以外的边缘人群的农民工却享受不到工伤保险待遇。本文针对农民工工伤保险缺失的现状分析原因,并阐述如何治理、完善农民工工伤保险提出相应对策。     

建设项目职业卫生“三同时”监督管理暂行办法

1.2012年4月27日国家安全生产监督管理总局令第51号公布2.自2012年6月1日起施行第一章总则第一条为了预防、控制和消除建设项目可能产生的职业病危害,加强和规范建设项目职业病防护设施建设的监督管理,根据《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,制定本办法。第二条在中华人民共和国领域内可能产生职业病危害的新建、改建、扩建和技术改造、技术引进建设项目(以下统称建设项目)职业病防护设施建设及其监督管理,适用本办法。     

农民工教育与培训运作模式研究

农民工在为社会发展做出重要贡献的同时,自身也面临着素质低、技能差、合法权益受侵犯等诸多问题。因此,加强农民工教育与职业技能培训是农民工人力资本投资和积累的重要途径,是解决农民工问题的重要途径。通过构建和完善农民工教育和职业技能培训机制,对于提升农民工的劳动技能,增强农民工的职业适应性,增加农民工收入和提高就业竞争力,维护农民工合法权益具有极其重要的意义。     

对一起职业病鉴定否定原诊断结论案例的分析

通过对一起经职业病鉴定后否定原诊断结论案例的分析,探讨如何正确运用和进一步完善职业病诊断与鉴定方面的法律、法规和标准,保护劳动者生命健康权益。     

Workers’ risk underestimation and occupational health and safety regulation

The standard treatment of occupational risk in the labour market is conducted in terms of the theory of compensating wage differentials, the basic characteristic of which is that workers can fully estimate actual occupational risks. However, research in cognitive psychology, and recent advances in economic psychology, suggest that individuals consistently underestimate risks associated with accidents. In this paper, we discuss the case when the workers systematically underestimate job risks. After presenting the standard treatment of occupational risks, and of health and safety at work regulation, we then proceed to incorporate the idea of job risk underestimation. The paper discusses the types and impact of regulation on health and safety effort in a simple framework in which workers’ beliefs concerning accident risks also play a role. The paper shows that a particular type of regulatory intervention is necessary for the risk underestimating workers not to suffer a welfare loss.     

Occupational structures across 25 EU countries: the importance of industry structure and technology in old and new EU countries

This article analyzes the occupational structure of 25 European Union countries during the period 2000–2004. Shift-share analyses are used to decompose cross-country differences in occupational structure into within sector and between sectors effects. The static analysis for 2004 shows that the new member countries employ a lower share of skilled workers because their industry structure is biased towards less skill-intensive industries and because they use fewer skills within industries. The differences in the shares of (high-skilled) non-production workers are dominated by the between (industrial) effect. In contrast, the dynamic analysis of 2000–2004 showed that changes in the share of high-skilled non-production workers are mostly driven by within sector changes, which are probably related to skill-biased technological change. Similar trends in the countries’ within effects support the catch-up of the new member countries’ skills demand, while the structural developments that could equalize the industry mix of the new and old member countries are related to increased domestic demand and will probably take time.

The determinants of health policy, a case study: regulating safety and health at the workplace in Sweden

This article analyzes and criticizes the " technocratic " view of occupational health and safety policies, which sees the values of the personnel in "post-industrial" regulatory agencies as the most important determinant of those policies. It takes an alternate position, which explains occupational health and safety policies as primarily resulting from the different degrees of political power of the two major classes (capital and labor), and from the set of influences exerted on the regulatory agencies by the instruments (e.g., parties, unions, trade organizations) of those classes. It shows how an analysis of the historical evolution of those classes in Sweden and their conflict in both civil and political societies explains Swedish occupational health and safety policies better than a mere analysis of the regulators' views. And it concludes that the occupational health and safety policies in Sweden are not identical to those in the U.S.--as the " technocratic " theorists assume--but rather offer more protection to the workers than U.S. policies do. This situation is a result of labor having more power in Sweden than it has in the U.S. The different class formations and class behavior in the two societies are compared, and the implications of this comparison for occupational health and safety policies are discussed.     

Educational Competency as an Indicator of Occupational Stress for Probation and Parole Officers

Probation and parole officers are assigned the responsibility of supervising convicted criminals in a community setting in such a way that the competing goals of punishment, public safety, offender rehabilitation, and deterrence are achieved. All the while, these tasks are accomplished within the confines of shrinking budgets, large case loads, increasingly high-risk offenders, low occupational prestige, and considerable political and public scrutiny. These competing demands often result in especially high levels of work-related stress. The point of this research is to consider the divergence in occupational stress among probation/parole officers and whether or not they felt educationally prepared for their job. The data for this study were collected during a two-month study period which began on March 15, 2005. Data were collected non-randomly through a national Internet based survey of active probation/parole officers. This study considers a sub-sample of 2, 364 officers from fifteen states. The results show probation/parole officers who feel educationally under-prepared are likely to experience higher levels of occupational stress and more likely to have negative manifestations of stress than those officers who feel well-prepared.     

平台用工劳动权益保护的立法进路

我国互联网平台工人数量多达数千万,且增长迅速。平台工人面临身份不明确、工作时间长、收入不稳定、职业伤害保障缺失、算法运行不合理等突出问题。由于平台用工的特殊性,现有劳动法及其司法实践难以为平台工人提供有效保护。近年来,越来越多的国家,包括美国、法国、意大利等对平台工人进行了专门立法。我国有必要出台平台工人权益保护专门立法。平台工人权益保护立法的基本思路是确保符合"劳动者"标准的工人得到劳动法保护,并为一般平台工人提供基本劳动权益保障。立法应通过劳动关系举证责任转移规则,使平台工人身份得到正确归类。平台工人的基本权益内容应根据所有工人应享有的基本权益、平台用工的灵活性以及平台主要依靠算法运行的特点而设计,应赋予平台工人平等就业、职业安全卫生、工资、工时、加入工会和集体协商等方面的权利,以及与算法相关的权利。     

法医尸检工作中常见的职业危害因素及预防措施

法医尸体解剖在解决民事、刑事案件中所涉及的死亡原因、死亡方式等问题中发挥重要作用,法医作为尸体检验工作的承担者,其在尸检过程中自身常面临多种危害因素,本文对法医实践中常见的职业性危害因素以及其可能危害机制进行总结分析,以期提高法医的自我保护意识并引起相关部门的重视。     

Forensic occupational therapy to reduce risk of reoffending: a survey of practice in the United Kingdom

Forensic services are required to reduce an individual’s risk of reoffending. Despite being integral to forensic mental health services, the contribution of forensic occupational therapy to achieving this aim is unclear. This study describes current forensic occupational therapy practice to reduce reoffending risk in the United Kingdom. Responses to a cross-sectional survey consisting of multiple choice and free-text questions were analysed using frequency counts and percentages, and thematic analysis respectively. Of the 58 participants, 83% actively addressed reoffending risk. Participants informed practice with occupation-focused theories, models and assessment tools. Five themes described forensic occupational therapy to reduce reoffending risk: an occupational perspective of risk assessment and formulation; volitional realignment; increasing protective factors; community integration; and enhancing understanding of forensic occupational therapy. Forensic occupational therapists perceive their practice to contribute to reducing reoffending risk, but are yet to establish routine outcome measurement in this area. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.