船舶保险条款中的恐怖活动风险

本文扼要介绍“9.11恐怖袭击事件”后船舶保赔保险战争险除外条款及特别保赔保险战争险(SPECIAL P＆I WAR RISKS COVER)的变化,阐明了船舶所有人在市场上安排保赔保险战争险的必要性。     

以违法与责任为支柱构建犯罪论体系

对犯罪实体的认识不能仅停留在"客观"与"主观"两个概念上;犯罪论体系应当以价值或目的作为出发点,从而体现评价;以违法与责任为支柱构建犯罪论体系,具有充分根据与内在合理性。     

证据可采性认定的自由裁量及其限制——美国百年证据制度改革的启示

裁量性证据可采性认定模式可以解决司法体制运行中的诸多问题,其实美国证据制度改革之初就已经确立了裁量性的证据可采性认定模式,可以说裁量性证据可采性认定是美国证据法的重要内容。不过美国的裁量性证据可采性认定的百年历史中也出现了影响法的可预测性、损害司法公正、背离可采性规则的目的等缺点。受此启发,中国证据能力评价的裁量性模式可以借鉴威格摩尔的理论,以详细的、具有指导性意义的规则约束裁量权。     

生产、销售伪劣商品犯罪若干问题研究

生产、销售伪劣商品罪的犯罪客体是国家对商品质量的管理秩序以及不特定的人的人身安全;犯罪对象是伪劣商品。行为方式只能是作为;犯罪形态有四种;销售金额既指实际销售出去的产品金额,亦包括尚未销售而可能销售出去的产品金额。罪过心理既可以是直接故意,也可以是间接故意。在某些情况下有既、未遂之分。应当注意本类罪的罪数问题。     

'Talking in Fictions': Jennings on Parliament

Sir Ivor Jennings made many ground-breaking contributions to the study of Parliament. Among them are two books written in the 1930s, while Jennings was at the peak of his powers: Parliamentary Reform in 1934, ¹ and Parliament in 1939. ² This essay offers an assessment of Jennings' scholarship on Parliament. It commences with some observations on his method, and this is followed by an outline of the argument in Parliament and an appraisal of the book's originality and ongoing significance. The essay closes with some brief remarks concerning Jennings' Parliamentary Reform .     

刑事人身辨认证据种类辨析及相关证据规则的适用

2012年3月14日,全国人大通过了经过全面修改的《刑事诉讼法》,在新《刑事诉讼法》中,辨认笔录第一次以法定证据的形式出现在了我国的刑事立法中.随后出台的配套司法解释以《刑事诉讼法》为依据,构建了较为完备的人身辨认证据规则体系,这改变了长期以来辨认笔录作为证据于法无据、作为侦查线索运用混乱的失范局面,是一个显著的进步.但规范层面的概念界定并没有完全消除理论上对于人身辨认证据种类方面的争论,人身辨认在证明对象、心理机制和证明方式上与相关言词证据千丝万缕的联系为人身辨认证据规则的适用增加了困难.因此,有必要从人身辨认证据种类界定入手,探究辨认证据在证据规则适用上的特殊问题,力图强化辨认证据的审查判断,以降低错误辨认的可能性及其对案件实体结果的不利影响.     

技术傻化的社会学阐述

傻化是操作技术的简易化，是用少的或浅显的知识去使用产品。“界面”(操作技术)是可以相对独立于“系统”(运行技术)的。技术傻化已渗透到日常生活的各个领域，其原因是：(1)现代社会的知识成指数函数增长，科技产品极大丰富；(2)专业化分工日益加深，制作(生产)日益与使用(消费)相分离；(3)开发商为实现其产品大众化目标，不断使其产品的操作简易化。技术傻化在发展中国家中有其重要功能。它有助于高新技术的推广普及，产生良好的社会经济效益；有助于消除现代社会中的“数字鸿沟”这一新型不平等形式；有助于丰富普通人的生活。     

价格调制制度与经济法理论的双向互动

价格调制制度是具有典型解剖意义的“微缩经济法”,具有突出的“经济性”特质和天然的中枢地位,对经济法的体系建构、规范论、运行论以及方法论的提炼,具有特别的注释和推动作用;而经济法的基本原理,尤其是横断层面的共通性原理,如主体的差异性、权责的不均衡性、经济法的体制构成和实现论、调制绩效原则和协调平衡的理念、经济法上体制分权原理等等,对于价格制度的发展和完善以及价格调制制度与整个经济法及其组成部门之间的整合协调,具有重要的指引和建设作用。两者双向互动,相辅相成。     

Conservation and modern information technologies: The global register of migratory species (GROMS)

Abstract

The present paper reviews the state of knowledge of migratory species protected under the Bonn Convention (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals) and presents first results from the “Global Register of Migratory Species” (GROMS). GROMS summarises our knowledge on migratory species within one relational database in combination with a geographical information system (GIS). GROMS will reveal information deficiencies, support the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, and contribute to the Clearinghouse Mechanism under the Convention on Biological Diversity. At present, GROMS contains 412 species distribution maps in GIS format. As an initial example of the potential of GIS‐analysis, GIS‐maps of birds and mammals were intersected with administrative borders, and the number of species was calculated for each province. The resulting map shows a high diversity in temperate regions, which is in contrast to maps that usually show most “biodiversity hotspots” to be in the tropics. Consequences for conservation policies are discussed and future prospects for GIS analysis are outlined.     

Ingestion of pointed objects in a complex suicide

A 51-year-old woman with a psychiatric history of depression and drug abuse was found hanged in her bedroom. The ligature was a scarf attached to the door handle. The autopsy findings suggested that two methods of suicide had been used one after the other. In the first stage, numerous nails, pins and needles were swallowed; in the second stage, the suicide was completed by hanging.     

行政诉讼撤诉:问题与对策

撤诉是当事人对诉权进行处分的重要体现,也是法院终结诉讼的重要方式,目前甚至成为主要方式。有些是当事人自愿撤诉,有些是由于被告改变具体行政行为而撤诉,也有的是当事人迫于压力撤诉。原因既有传统法律文化的影响,又有政治体制的因素,还有行政诉讼制度设计本身存在的问题。所以,建构科学的行政诉讼撤诉制度对实现行政诉讼目的有重要意义。     

The use of 13C NMR spectroscopy in forensic drug analysis

¹³C NMR spectroscopy has been used for analysis of fourteen compounds which, according to Swedish laws are defined as narcotic drugs or are substances often found in combination with these drugs. The carbon-13 NMR method seems to be well suited for analysis of complex forensic drug mixtures because no preliminary separation of components is required.     

对我国刑事鉴定结论的反思

近年来备受社会关注的黄静案、代义案以及连丽丽案从不同角度揭示了刑事鉴定结论中所存在的三大弊端:公安机关"自侦自鉴",对是否鉴定以及鉴定人的选择享有决定权;在立案侦查阶段的鉴定结论未经法院认证便当然地被作为证据使用;鉴定结论的采信标准不一,同时这三个案件也让我们看到了若要消除这些弊端,必须将关注.a集中在立案和侦查阶段....     

What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making?

In response to research demonstrating that irrelevant contextual information can bias forensic science analyses, authorities have increasingly urged laboratories to limit analysts' access to irrelevant and potentially biasing information (Dror and Cole (2010) [3]; National Academy of Sciences (2009) [18]; President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2016) [22]; UK Forensic Science Regulator (2015) [26]). However, a great challenge in implementing this reform is determining which information is task-relevant and which is task-irrelevant. In the current study, we surveyed 183 forensic analysts to examine what they consider relevant versus irrelevant in their forensic analyses. Results revealed that analysts generally do not regard information regarding the suspect or victim as essential to their analytic tasks. However, there was significant variability among analysts within and between disciplines. Findings suggest that forensic science disciplines need to agree on what they regard as task-relevant before context management procedures can be properly implemented. The lack of consensus about what is relevant information not only leaves room for biasing information, but also reveals foundational gaps in what analysts consider crucial in forensic decision making.     

Exit,voice, and loyalty: Parent–child relations in the proto-industrial household economy (Zürich, 17th–18th centuries)

This article formulates a simple model of parent–child interest conflicts. Based on a simple model of a household economy with a production or wage income function, a labor maintenance cost function, and an externally given wage rate, it discusses potential conflicts over the appropriation of the product of family members' labor in terms of the trilogy of exit, voice, and loyalty. The model is then explored by using household lists that provide detailed information on the economic activity of individuals. Many young proto-industrial workers used the threat of exiting their parents' household to keep much of their earnings through the Rast custom (boarding allowance). The threat of leaving operated well among the middle and lower classes of proto-industrial society, but it is unclear whether it also worked for the daughters of farmers who apparently left home much earlier than their brothers. The discourse of contemporaries about the Rast custom are considered and interpreted as a counterstrategy against the exit threat in which the elders fostered a sense of loyalty among the young.     

民国晚期工商团体的法律规制与行政控制--以津冀为中心的考察

以"业必归会"为原则,民国晚期已经形成工业会和工业同业公会、商会和商业同业公会、矿业会分治的较为完善的工商团体法律体系.各种具体法律制度也臻于完善,工商团体的任务、宗旨、性质、会员、组织机构、会议、会计及清算等均有明确法律规定.在行政控制上,政府主要通过指导和监督来实现.其主要手段是检核报备材料、敦促工商团体成立、回复提案以及催缴欠费.在行政控制中,工商团体并非完全处于被动状态,他们往往借助于政府权力实现其目的,二者之间实际上形成了一种互动.正是这种互动和完善法律体系的存在,为工商团体发挥作用提供必要的环境.     

我国死刑缓期执行制度评析

死刑死缓执行制度,是我国刑法中一项重要的刑罚制度,修订后的刑法典对之加以进一步完善,一定程度上克服了79年刑法典规定的不足,但仍存有瑕疵与逻辑漏洞,并直接导致司法适用上的困难。本文对死缓的法条设置与司法适用的有关问题作了剖析。     

中国法治指数设计的思想维度

随着建设法治国家成为中国政府和民众的基本共识，随着“法治指数”在全球范围内的兴起，中国不仅从理论上开始研究法治指数和法治评估问题，而且在实践层面各级政府及其部门也开始了“轰轰烈烈”的法治指数设计并加以推广的运动。反思性地思考中国法治指数设计中虚与实、中国与世界、普遍性与特殊性、统一与杂多、表象与实质、诚信与虚构、理想与现实、定性与定量、建构主义思维与法治的渐进主义逻辑、科学与人文这些相关的思想维度，有助于我们更为真切地认识和设计中国的法治指数，也有助于我们更为真实地理解中国的法治建设并理性而稳妥地在实践中推行法治指数。     

Etienne Laspeyres' History of the Economic Thought of the Netherlanders: A Law & Economics Classic?

Etienne Laspeyres (1834–1913) is today best known for the price index number formula named after him, but arguably his main contribution to economic literature is his Geschichte der Volkswirthschaftlichen Anschauungen der Niederländer und ihrer Litteratur zur Zeit der Republik (1863). This sketch sets out to consider whether this work, the contents of which will be briefly outlined and placed into context, can be considered a Law & Economics classic, in the sense of the biographical part of the Elgar Companion to Law and Economics (1999), as well. While interesting in its own right, the discussion of this question also serves as an inroad into the discussion of exactly what type of combination of law and economics is necessary to be considered part of Law & Economics as a specific mode of scholarly inquiry.     

Analysis of the testimonial evidence of Portugal’s first major forensic case: part II

The crime possibly perpetrated by a doctor named Vicente Urbino de Freitas in 1890 is one of the most famous cases of poisoning, and it had echoes in the Portuguese and foreign press for several decades. This prestigious doctor was convicted of the fatal poisoning of his nephew. He also attempted the homicide of two nieces and their mother-in-law, who only escaped because they obstinately refused to comply with the “therapeutics” prescribed by the family doctor. The motive of the crime should have been Vicente Urbino de Freitas’ ambition to receive the family inheritance of his wife, the daughter of the well-known merchant José António Sampaio of Flores Street in Porto. Vicente Urbino de Freitas was convicted but doubt about his guilt persists for more than a century. This second work aimed to collect and analyse all the relevant and contradictory testimonial evidence of the prosecution and defence witnesses. This case represents an odd historical record obtained through more than 12 years of research on the first major significant Portuguese forensic case. Rare and unprecedented testimonial evidence and photographs were obtained from different countries and then repaired, since these also provide an important historical record of the medical photography.