GRIN1基因-855G／C和-1140G／A位点遗传多态性

谷氨酸（glutamate．Glu）是哺乳动物脑内重要的兴奋性神经递质．Glu通过作用其受体发挥着重要的生物学功能。Glu受体基因存在单核苷酸多态性（single nueleotide polymorphism．SNP）,为探讨其在法医学中的应用价值．本研究调查了Glu受体基因之一GRIN1启动子区域-855G／C与-1140G／A2个SNP位点在中国北方汉族群体中的频率分布。     

冠状动脉痉挛发病机制的研究进展及法医学应用

冠状动脉痉挛是指局部冠状动脉对各类刺激的过收缩反应。目前缺乏对冠状动脉痉挛导致心脏性猝死的特异性诊断指标。本文总结了目前国内外对冠状动脉痉挛发病机制的研究进展,介绍血管内皮功能障碍和血管平滑肌兴奋性增高在冠状动脉痉挛过程中的作用,并对引起血管内皮功能障碍的内源性一氧化氮、内皮素-1,与血管平滑肌兴奋性增高有关的MLC2磷酸化、Rho激酶及内质网应激的分子作用机制展开阐述,探讨相关分子在诊断冠状动脉痉挛导致心脏性猝死法医鉴定中的可能性。     

谷氨酸受体基因单核苷酸多态性与精神分裂症的关联

谷氨酸是人类神经系统中重要的兴奋性神经递质,通过与受体结合发挥生物学作用.当编码受体的基因异常时,可能导致精神疾病发生.本文通过回顾相关研究,发现诸如GRIN1、GRIN2B、GRM3等受体基因上的rs11146020、366C/G、rs1468412与精神分裂症相关联;同时也存在矛盾的研究结果,表明精神分裂症可能为多因素、多位点、多基因复杂遗传疾病.部分位点如GRIN2B上的366C/G、2664C/T,GRIK2上的rs1408766(C/T)的遗传多态性较好,可能成为法医学个人识别与亲权鉴定的新指标.该领域研究在司法精神病的鉴定工作中可能具有潜在的意义.     

甲基苯丙胺致多巴胺能神经元毒性机制的研究进展

甲基苯丙胺属于苯丙胺类中枢兴奋剂,目前其滥用趋势严重。研究表明,甲基苯丙胺对动物及人类大脑纹状体多巴胺能神经元具有毒性作用。其毒性机制包括多巴胺信号转导影响和多巴胺的氧化作用、谷氨酸介导的兴奋性毒性作用、氧化应激和细胞因子的形成、线粒体功能紊乱、神经细胞凋亡、神经胶质细胞的活化以及高热等。但甲基苯丙胺对多巴胺能神经元的毒性机制并不完全清楚,本文结合文献对此进行综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

宏观调控法研究

一、宏观调控法的性质和地位现代市场经济需要两种调节机制,即市场调节与国家调节。国家调节社会经济通常采用三种基本调节方式：既采用强制方式反对垄断和限制竞争及不正当竞争,以排除市场机制作用的障碍;又采用国家参与方式直接投资经营;此外还大量采用促导方式,即...     

经济法的基础功能及对中国二元结构的调整

经济法的功能尤其是基础功能的研究对经济法的理论和实践均有重要的作用,值得深入探讨。经济法的基础功能是调节资源配置方式,它是由经济法的历史使命所决定的,并通过经济法成长历程和创新发展得以充分彰显。然而对经济法的功能预设是一种应然状态的预期,要真正实现其积极作用还需要为功能的发挥创造条件。研究实现经济法功能发挥积极作用的条件应当成为经济法创新的方向之一。经济法调节资源配置方式这一基础功能应当对调整中国社会二元结构发挥积极作用。     

建构以控权为本质特征的中国检察制度

近代检察制度的产生,与大陆法系和英美法系的特点有直接关系,并由此产生了两种不同类型的检察制度。一是以控权为核心,通过对警察和法官的双重控制,建立了一种控权型的检察制度。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其受体在脑损伤时的表达和应用

bFGF是一种广泛存在的多功能肽类生长因子,具有神经营养及促创伤修复功能.脑损伤可诱导bFGF及其特异性受体的表达,表明bFGF参与了CNS损伤后神经细胞的存活与损伤组织的修复过程,具有一定的治疗价值,同时其表达的时序性改变可作为一种客观指标用于法医学脑损伤时间的推断.     

Homer蛋白的研究进展及法医学应用

Homer蛋白由Homer 1~3基因编码,属于新发现的突触后密度蛋白家族成员,其所有剪切变异体可分为长、短两种亚型,在调控兴奋性突触的结构和功能及细胞内信号转导中发挥关键作用。作为即早基因表达产物的短亚型Homer la,在癫痫、高频刺激及发育过程中可通过海马或皮层神经元的兴奋性突触活动,快速短暂地诱导其表达增加。大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后可诱导大脑皮层神经元Homer la表达动态上调。本文简述其结构、分布、功能、研究进展、存在问题及其在法医学上的应用。     

兰尼碱受体及其法医学意义

兰尼碱受体是心肌细胞内的钙释放通道。在心脏缺血或肥大等病理过程中兰尼碱受体的功能和数量也会发生明显变化,从而导致心肌细胞处理细胞内钙离子的能力下降或细胞内钙超载,触发致死性的室性心律失常,诱发心源性猝死。     

氯胺酮成瘾机制的研究进展

氯胺酮为苯环己哌啶（PCP）衍生物,是非竞争性N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸（NMDA）受体桔抗剂。除作为临床上常用的静脉麻醉药外,氯胺酮还具有一定的致幻作用和成瘾性,非法滥用氯胺酮的人数呈现快速增长趋势。本文根据氯胺酮的药理及毒理学特性与目前公认的药物成瘾机制．从与药物成瘾机制有关的强化效应和奖赏系统、解剖结构、相关受体及个体差异等方面,对氯胺酮成瘾的可能机制作一综述。     

The methods and measures of centrography and the spatial dynamics of rape

Technique known as centrography are presented in order to demonstrate their utility for describing and measuring the salient features of a spatial distribution and for facilitating temporal and comparative analyses in discerning trends and contrasting spatial distributions of crime. Centrographic techniques are applied to a 5-year data set of lone-assailant rapes classified by type of offender. The results indicate that different classes of offenders have relatively distinctive spatial distributions. Moreover, changes in the spatial distributions of offender classes, through time, are not uniform.     

Family breakdown in nineteenth-century Netherlands: divorcing couples in The Hague.

This is an analysis of divorce trends in the Netherlands in the second half of the nineteenth century. "Use was made of a case-control research design in which the social characteristics of all marriages which ended in divorce were compared with those of a random sample from the marriages which ended in widowhood. The author analyzed a group of 2,300 marriages contracted in The Hague from their inception until their dissolution by death or divorce. All migrants were followed to their new place of residence. Multivariate (proportional hazards) analysis showed that the highest probability of divorce was found among persons who had already gone through a divorce before. Other factors related to divorce were high mobility, low ages at marriage, and large age and religious differences between spouses. Higher social classes had relatively high divorce risks."     

Online teaching and copyright from the European Union perspective in COVID times

China-EU Law Journal - Teaching may involve the use of copyrighted works. It is very important that teachers and professors know two things: (1) what kind of contents they can use in their classes;...     

DOES MANDATORY DIVORCE EDUCATION FOR PARENTS WORK?

In a court-mandated, child-focused class for divorcing parents, parental mastery of skills taught were evaluated both immediately after the class and 6 months later. Parents perceived the classes to be realistic and useful. Skills were effectively learned and were maintained over the evaluation period. Parents reported that they were successful in dramatically lowering exposure of their children to parental conflict. Relative to a comparison group of parents divorcing the year before the classes were initiated, parents completing the class were better able to work through how they would handle difficult child-related situations with their ex-spouses and were willing to let their children spend more time with the other parent. Few gender differences were observed—mothers perceived the class as more realistic; fathers showed greater improvement on some skills. Similarly, interest level in further training was not predictive of class benefits, suggesting that enthusiasm for parenting training is probably not essential.     

Family breakdown in nineteenth- century Netherlands: Divorcing couples in The Hague

As in other European countries, divorce became a social issue in the Netherlands from the beginning of the 1880s on. At the same time, divorce rates rose considerably. To examine whether the public debates were reflected in the behavior of Dutch couples, an empirical study was conducted of divorce in the second half of the nineteenth century. Use was made of a case-control research design in which the social characteristics of all marriages which ended in divorce were compared with those of a random sample from the marriages which ended in widowhood. The author analyzed a group of 2,300 marriages contracted in The Hague from their inception until their dissolution by death of divorce. All migrants were followed to their new place of residence. Multivariate (proportional hazards) analysis showed that the highest probability of divorce was found among persons who had already gone through a divorce before. Other factors related to divorce were high mobility, low ages at marriage, and large age and religious differences between spouses. Higher social classes had relatively high divorce risks.     

PROBLEM PROFILES OF AT-RISK YOUTH IN TWO SERVICE PROGRAMS: A MULTI-GROUP, EXPLORATORY LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS

Baseline data collected in two brief intervention projects (BI-Court and Truancy Project) were used to assess similarities and differences in subgroups of at-risk youth. Classifications of these subgroups were based on their psychosocial characteristics (e.g., substance use). Multi-group latent class analysis (LCA) identified two BI-Court subgroups of youth, and three Truant subgroups. These classes can be viewed as differing along two dimensions, substance use involvement and emotional/behavioral issues. Equality tests of means across the latent classes for BI-Court and Truancy Project youths found significant differences that were consistent with their problem group classification. These findings highlight the importance of quality assessments and allocating appropriate services based on problem profiles of at-risk youth.     

The age of reason: An examination of psychosocial factors involved in delinquent behaviour

Purpose. Delinquent behaviour among children and adolescents is escalating at a considerable rate. This has led to calls to lower the Age of Criminal Responsibility (ACR); however there is limited research on which to base such a decision. The present study addressed this omission by (1) assessing whether or not children can accurately distinguish right from wrong in relation to ‘real‐life’ transgressions and (2) investigating psychosocial factors that may constrain children from acting in accordance with their knowledge of what is right and wrong. Methods. A total of 452 students were recruited from five schools in Sydney, Australia. Forty percent of participants were younger children recruited from Year 5 classes in primary school (mean age of 10.49), and 60% were older children from Year 8 classes in high school (mean age of 14.29). All students completed a questionnaire measuring their understanding of right and wrong, their level of moral disengagement and delinquent behaviour, and their perceived self‐efficacy relating to academic achievement, empathy, and resistance to peer pressure. Results. The majority of children in both age groups demonstrated knowing the difference between right and wrong in relation to ‘real‐life’ transgressions. Further analyses using structural equation modelling (analysis of moment structures, AMOS) revealed that children who engaged in delinquent behaviour were unable to exercise this knowledge appropriately to regulate their behaviour. They were less able to resist peer pressure for transgressive conduct, had low levels of empathic and academic self‐efficacies, and disengaged from moral standards. Conclusions. Implications for policy change and future research directions are proposed.     

Differentiation of blue ballpoint pen inks by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and high-performance thin-layer chromatography

The differentiation of inks on a questioned document can highlight a fraudulent insertion and is usually carried out by optical comparison and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) may also be used for the analysis of dyes from ink. This analytical technique was compared with a standard method of high-performance TLC (HPTLC) according to their capacity to differentiate blue ballpoint inks. Ink entries on paper from 31 blue ballpoint pens have been analyzed and their dye ink formulations compared. The pens were classified into 26 classes by LDI-MS against 18 for HPTLC. LDI-MS proved to be a more powerful method for differentiating ink formulations because it provides information about dye structures (molecular weights) and relative quantification of dye classes (peak areas). Sample preparation was minimal and analysis time was short in contrast to the more complex extraction, application, and development steps of the HPTLC method. However, only basic dyes and pigments were identified using positive mode LDI-MS, while HPTLC did yield additional information about acid dyes.