信用证条件下银行对提单的权利属性

信用证，是银行根据进口方（付款人）的请求，开给出口方（收款人）保证承担付款责任的凭证，是银行凭自身信誉保证付款的一种结算方式。一、前言在信用证结算的过程中，提单是不可缺少的单据之一，只有递交有效的单据，银行才能凭单付款，卖方才可以顺利结汇。信用证关系中，一般涉及四方当事人：买卖合同的买方与卖方，开证银行与付款银行。买方向开证行申请开立信用证，以卖方为受益人，将信用证由开证行及通知行转交给卖方；卖方装货上船，取得已装船提单，将提单交给议付行，议付行审核单证，单证相符即可放款，卖方结汇；议付行将信用…     

由一则案例诀FOB贸易术语下卖方的诉权

【案情介绍】１９９８年８月份，原告我国A公司与某国S公司签订国际货物销售合同，贸易术语为“FOB上海”，装港上海，卸港桑托斯，付款方式为远期不可撤销信用证，信用证要求提单注明托运人为S公司。A公司交货后，被告B作为承运人出具收货单，载明托运人为A公司，装箱单、产地证、检疫证书的发货人均为A公司。后承运人B应卖方要求签发提单，载明托运人为S，收货人凭指示。提单背面加盖原告公章，S未在提单背面进行背书。原告将全套单证交银行议付，但银行以背书人非托运人为由拒付。而被告B则以货物不及时通关将被罚没为由，在未收回…     

论议付信用证下的权利义务关系

议付信用证下,议付行在向受益人给付了信用证金额后,有权向开证行追偿。如果开证行以单证不符为由拒付,议付行可以向受益人追索,追索权分为信用证下的追索权和票据下的追索权,两者相互独立、互不影响。     

并入提单仲裁条款之概念辨析

并入提单的仲裁条款通常存在于根据租船合同签发的提单中。根据租船合同签发的提单,出租人通常具有承运人的法律地位,出租人为了使其根据提单对货物运输承担的义务和享有的权利尽可能的与租船合同一致,常常在提单中订入援引租船合同某些规定的条款,称为"并入条款"。而并入提单的仲裁条款正是通过并入条款而成为提单中的一部分。并入条款根据措辞的不同分为一般并入条款和特别并入条款,各国对并入条款的要求不尽相同。     

论信用证议付

＂议付＂的定义是UCP修订中的一个亮点,但也为议付属于何种法律关系带来了新的迷雾。单个传统法学理论在解释信用证议付法律关系时,往往力所不及。因为信用证议付是带有融资功能的银行信用,所以强行将其归类的话,只能是无名合同。同时,本文认为,为了解决信用证操作中的疑难问题,有必要进一步修改UCP,赋予信用证更广阔的内涵。     

国际海运货代的提单效力

按照我国海商法和国际提单公约的规定,承运人或其代理人签发的提单具有物权凭证的职能,并可以作为议付的凭证。在《跟单信用证统一惯例》国际商会第500号出版物中明确了提单、发票、保险单等有关装运单证里银行处理的必须的单证。对于国际货运代理,如果本人是承运人或受承运人委托签发的提单,同样具有物权凭证作用。如果“提单”签发人不是承运人,在法律上仅仅被认为是收到托运人货物而出具的货物收据。因此对于这种提单,法律上不承认它是物权凭证,也不能作为议付的凭证。     

我国提单中的诉讼管辖权条款的效力

提单是用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船,以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。国际海上货物运输中签发的提单依运输方式的不同分为航次租船合同项下的提单和班轮提单,这两种提单中的诉讼管辖权条款的效力并不完全相同。本文通过对这两种效力的比较,分析我国对提单中的诉讼管辖权条款效力的认定。     

预借或倒签提单问题透视

预借或倒签提单问题透视王雪林提单的基本要求提单，又称海运提单，是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。在班轮运输中，提单就是承运人和托运人之间的运输合同；在租船运输中（除了租船人将船舶充作班轮经营...     

租约仲裁条款是否能够有效并入提单问题探析

租船运输中船东为了避免在租约提单中承担比租约更重的责任,同时也为了使提单持有人受到租船合同的约束,而采用租约并入提单的条款,但仲裁条款并入会产生争议。通过分析各国的法律、有关国际公约和实践,在我国现有的法律体系中不应当然地承认租约的仲裁条款并入提单的效力。     

银行信用证中各当事人之间的法律关系分析

本文所提信用证仅指不可撤的跟单银行信用证。通知行与开证行,通知行与受益人之间的关系,基本没有争议。开证申请人与开证行、受益人与开证行、受益人与议付行、议付行与开证行之间的关系较为复杂,且争议也较大,文中做了简要的分析。     

“通知-删除”规则的适用局限及出路——以两则新型网络服务提供者案例为切入点

“云服务器”、“小程序”等新型网络服务提供者的出现对版权法中“通知-删除”规则提出了挑战。就法律适用而言,《信息网络传播权保护条例》中的“通知-删除”规则对涉及网络服务提供者版权侵权案件提供了快速解决机制,在适用上具有优先性。从属性上分析,“小程序”属于《条例》所调整的自动接入、传输服务商范畴,而“云服务器”租赁服务不属于《条例》中的四类网络服务,应根据《侵权责任法》第三十六条有关网络服务提供者之规定予以界定。对这两类新型网络服务提供者均无法适用“通知-删除”规则,而应以《侵权责任法》第三十六条下的“通知-必要措施”规则予以调整。“通知-必要措施”规则之适用以注意义务的判定为核心内容。在必要措施的判定上,技术过滤措施是判定新型网络服务提供者是否履行注意义务的重要考量因素。     

Central Bank Independence in the EU: From Theory to Practice

Abstract:  This article provides an overview of the practical problems which arise in ensuring the effective independence of central banks in the EU, drawing on the European Central Bank's consultative experience. Four aspects of central bank independence are discussed separately: functional, institutional, personal and financial. The possible issues raised by central bank involvement in prudential supervision are touched upon. The main conclusion of the article is that a set of legal provisions is generally not sufficient to ensure proper central bank independence; a culture of respect for independence, including its limits, among all parties involved is essential.     

论假按揭的法律适用

假按揭给商业银行带来巨大的法律风险,严重威胁着银行信贷资金的安全,为防范假按揭的蔓延,应正确适用法律。     

银行信用证审单标准的法哲学思考:精确性、模糊性还是原则性

银行信用证的审单有精确性标准、模糊性标准和原则性标准之分。精确性标准的主要理论学说为镜像标准说,模糊性标准的代表学说是实质相符理论,而原则性标准在法律上的反映则是严格相符。精确性标准因过于僵化和刻板,无法适应客观实践的需要;模糊性标准因具有随意性而日趋式微;原则性标准克服了镜像标准和实质相符标准的不足,为开证行的审单确立了一个合理的标准,这种标准既给开证行提供了一个“单单相符、单证相符”的具体的审单尺度,同时,也给开证行提供了一定的灵活操作空间,可谓是灵活性和规范行相结合的典范。     

Implementation of the Methamphetamine Production Prevention Act of 2008. Final rule

In October 2008, the President signed the Methamphetamine Production Prevention Act of 2008 (MPPA), which clarifies the information entry and signature requirements for electronic logbook systems permitted for the retail sale of scheduled listed chemical products. On March 23, 2010, DEA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to implement the provisions of the MPPA and make its regulations consistent with the new requirements. This action finalizes without change the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published on March 23, 2010. The Final Rule will make it easier for regulated sellers to maintain electronic logbooks by allowing greater flexibility as to how information may be captured.     

有关涉税犯罪司法解释的探讨

最高人民法院2002年11月5日发布了《关于审理偷税抗税刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称《解释》),其作用显而易见。但其中列举的偷税手段不全面,对一些偷税手段以及一些特殊情况下如何计算偷税百分比没有解释,对拒不申报纳税以及偷税数额的解释有瑕疵,这些问题有待进一步完善和明确。     

Notice of specific list for categorization of laboratory test systems, assays, and examinations by complexity--CDC. Notice with comment period

Regulations codified at 42 CFR 493.17, implementing the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA), Public Law 100-578, require that the Secretary provide for the categorization of specific laboratory test systems, assays, and examinations by level of complexity. The criteria for such categorizations also are set forth in those regulations. This Notice announces the addition of approximately 1,300 test systems, assays, and examinations that have been categorized and notified between June 7, 1996 and December 31, 1996. These categorizations were effective on the issue date of the notification letter sent to the manufacturer and are subject to the 30 day comment period for this Notice.     

Designating the official opposition in a Westminster parliamentary system

Of all Westminster‐type representative assemblies, Canada's presents an unusually high number of cases where parties rank equal in second place, disputing the role of official opposition, both in the aftermath of an election or during a parliamentary session when party fortunes change. Although exceptional, the phenomenon is not at all uncommon; however, the uncertainty that characterises each of its occurrences indicates that no general rule has ever been drawn from doctrine or jurisprudence, as attested by the latest (1999) decision rendered by Speaker Scott in Nova Scotia. Thus, speculation persists whenever the situation presents itself. This paper attempts some rulings based on the distinction of context proper to 12 historical cases studied. It may help remove the uncertainty that plagues democratic systems in Canada as well as in any other Westminster‐type legislatures around the world.     

论举证时限的裁量空间

举证时限制度设置的目的应为确立与法定顺序主义相适应的＂双阶型＂审判流程。证据适时提出主义赋予了法官过大的裁量权,与设置我国举证时限制度的目的相去甚远。我国民事审判流程的革新本身是想朝着＂双阶型＂审判流程而去,却深受民法法系国家证据随时提出主义的影响,淡化了驱动＂双阶型＂审判流程的法定顺序主义,最终陷入＂裁量陷阱＂。《举证时限通知》的进步在于对法官在举证时限制度运行中过度裁量权的限缩。举证时限制度的合目的运行不仅需要程序技术的进步,更需要程序伦理的支撑与推动。《举证时限通知》的进步仅仅是程序技术方面的进步。     

Criminal Attempts and the Subjectivism/Objectivism Debate

Abstract.  This essay offers a particular view of the distinction between criminal attempts and actions that could constitute "mere preparation" for the later commission of a crime, that prioritizes a proper balancing of public safety and the protection of individual liberty. Modeled after Hart's distinction between the general justifying aims and the principles of distribution of a system of punishment, this view allows a coherent way of distinguishing between attempts and mere preparation that avoids many difficulties associated with subjectivist and objectivist approaches. **