武警部队适用武装冲突法的相关依据分析

武装冲突法虽然是一种国际性的法律规范,但作为维护我国国家安全和社会稳定重要力量的武警部队是否适用此法,在法学界意见不一,但从武警部队所担负的执勤、处突、反恐和防卫作战的任务实践中来看,有相当一部分内容与武装冲突法联系紧密,这就迫切需要对武警部队适用武装冲突法的相关依据问题进行探讨。     

惩治恐怖主义犯罪中维护公共秩序与尊重人权的平衡

虽然当今法律领域甚至民众在日常生活之中广泛提及“恐怖主义”这一术语,但是,无论是政治家还是法学家对恐怖主义所具有的政治和刑事法律涵义上的理解均存在一定的分歧,从而导致各国制定惩治恐怖主义犯罪的政策和法律措施各异,甚至出现将恐怖分子视为敌人而应予以彻底消灭的学术建言。本文从分析恐怖主义犯罪的认识以及惩治恐怖主义犯罪应适用的法律着手,分析在惩治恐怖主义犯罪过程中,维护公共秩序与尊重人权的平衡关系。     

论国际人道法在非国际性武装冲突中的适用——从刚果民主共和国问题看国际人道法的适用

国际人道法是保护战争受害者和适用战争与武装冲突的法律规范。在当代虽然已经没有了国际性的武装冲突,但还是存在大量的非国际性的武装冲突。在武装冲突中对平民的故意和直接的攻击(包括自杀式袭击)和不分皂白的攻击都是为国际人道法所严格禁止的;和平时期任意剥夺他人生命在各国国内法和关于恐怖主义国际条约下都成犯罪。     

从国际法上看防范核恐怖主义的全球合作

近年来,恐怖分子对国际社会的仇视情绪更加激化。在各国普遍加强反恐措施的情况下,恐怖袭击行动仍然频频得手,并且呈现出袭击规模更加扩大化,袭击手段更加现代化、极端化的趋势。而在世界范围内,恐怖分子一直没有停止过获得可用于恐怖活动的核武器或核材料的努力。同时核武器与核材料非法走私和交易仍然猖獗。因此国际社会对恐怖分子获得核破坏手段的忧虑日渐强烈,在这种背景下,加强国际全面合作,以国际法律文件的方式加强和发展防范核恐怖的国际多边合作就显得非常重要。     

武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护的历史演进

武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护是文化遗产国际法律保护的重要组成部分。从“拿破仑战争”到“一战”,再到“二战”,文化遗产所遭受的严重毁损和流失客观上导致了武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护的萌芽、形成与发展。武装冲突情况下文化遗产国际法律保护在历史演进中,以禁止战时掠夺为基本原则,不断完善法律规范、扩大保护范围、加重保护责任、加强保护措施,从而得以迅速发展。     

浅析国际人道法在国际秩序中的作用——以国际人道法在非国际性武装冲突中的适用为视角

国际法和国家关系的永恒主题是战争与和平。在国际人道法领域我们关注的焦点不仅仅在于国际条约的签署或规则的制定,更应该致力于如何保证现有规则的遵守,以及如何落实国际人道法规定的问题上。针对二战后非国际武装冲突多于国际武装冲突,且更惨烈,但是适用到非国际武装冲突的人道法又极不健全的现状,进一步充实和完善非国际武装冲突的国际人道法是很有必要的。作者以非国际性武装冲突为切入点,对国际人道法在非国际性武装冲突中的适用上所体现出来的其维护国际秩序中的重要作用进行分析。     

反恐对策：美国经验与中国选择

美国反恐对策主要包括其反恐的法律对策及反恐的策略选择。以《美国爱国者法》为代表的国内立法,极大限度地扩大了美国政府在监听、逮捕、搜查等方面的侦查权力,赋予执法部门更大权力来预防、侦查和打击恐怖犯罪,但其部分条款的规定对宪法赋予美国公民的合法权利已或明或暗地构成侵蚀;美国反恐虽然具有国际法依据,但其具体反恐行动存在滥用国际法的情形,给其反恐行动带来极大的负面影响。中美两国国情不同,所面临的恐怖主义问题也不同,但经过实践检验的美国反恐对策,对中国反恐对策的选择具有多方面的启示。     

惩治、防范恐怖主义犯罪的反思与应对

国际社会打击惩治恐怖主义犯罪存在诸多问题:法律理念和法律规范的差异、狭隘的主权和民族利益观的影响、文化冲突的催化、超国家机构的作用有待完善、国内立法存在缺陷。对此,我们可以通过以下措施应对:逐步淡化主权意识;加强惩治恐怖主义犯罪的国际合作;减少恐怖主义犯罪产生的文化原因;尽快将国际恐怖主义犯罪纳入国际刑事法院的管辖范围;采取各种措施完善国内反恐立法。     

论防范和控制恐怖分子跨境流动的国际法律规制——以“伊斯兰国”为例的分析

在国际人口流动日益快速和多元化发展的背景下,恐怖分子的跨境流动加速了恐怖主义的全球化,对国际反恐斗争提出了更加严峻的挑战。目前,现有的国际法律制度可以在一定程度上防范和控制恐怖分子的跨境流动,但是仍存在着诸多的不足。联合国安理会自2001年尤其是2014年以来陆续发布的一系列安理会决议,规定了控制和防范恐怖分子跨境流动的具体措施和国际合作机制。这些规定将会深刻地影响到国际反恐法和各国移民法的未来发展和演变。     

论惩治恐怖活动犯罪国际立法的现状

恐怖主义犯罪是国际社会与世界各国在21世纪高度关注并严加防范和打击的除地方冲突、毒品走私之外的"世界三大罪犯灾难",全球各国强烈谴责恐怖活动的同时,进行反恐立法是其中最重要的措施,本文拟就惩治恐怖活动犯罪的国际刑法规范、国外有关法律予以简要分析。     

The Legal Characterization of the Armed Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq: Implications for Protection

This article explores the implications for the protection of civilians and other vulnerable persons, of the requalification of a conflict downwards from international to non-international, focusing in particular on the changes in the characterization of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq from 2001 and 2003 respectively.

Determining the legal character of an armed conflict is rooted in an inherently political interpretation of black letter treaty law. It is generally agreed that when the United States and its coalition allies entered the wars in Afghanistan in 2001, and Iraq in 2003, their operations in those countries were initially subject to the laws of international armed conflict. However the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has determined that the conflict in Afghanistan became noninternational with the establishment of the United States’ backed government of Hamid Karzai on 19 June 2002 and that the conflict in Iraq became non-international with the establishment of the Iraqi Interim Government on 28 June 2004. The basis for this requalification is Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions read in conjunction with an interpretation of the meaning of ‘state’ (and of its power to authorize a foreign intervention in its own territory) that is inherently, and possibly inevitably, political.

Changes in the legal characterization of a war have profound implications for the protection of both non-combatants and combatants under international humanitarian law, in particular for humanitarian access; for the protection of non-nationals from deportation; for the protection of detainees; for the conduct of hostilities; and for the protection of persons transferred into the hands of local authorities. The practical consequence of a requalification of an armed conflict downwards to non-international is a marked loss of protection for persons that were protected by the Geneva Conventions in the earlier stages of the conflict.

     

在国内武装冲突中履行“保护的责任”的规范依据及其适用

“保护的责任”要求主权国家保护其人民免遭灭绝种族、战争罪、族裔清洗和危害人类罪之害,以及在其他各种情形下承担人权保护责任,当一国不能或不愿履行这一责任时,国际社会将有责任介入并采取相应的保护行动。在国内武装冲突中,容易发生对平民的生命财产以及民用设施的侵害,但是,主权国家应当怎样实施军事行动等行为才能符合人权保护责任的要求,对此,“保护的责任”本身并没有提供明确具体的标准和依据。为防止评估确认上的主观随意性,避免“保护的责任”被滥用成为干涉他国内政的工具,国际社会应当以国际人权法与国际人道法为基本依据,并主要通过对人道法规范在具体情势下的解释适用,来评估确认政府军事行动是否符合人权保护责任上的特定要求,以及是否构成不能或不愿履行“保护的责任”的严重情形,从而确定国际社会是否应当介入以及应采取的适当措施与方式。     

法院地国家国内法中的冲突规则与国际条约的关系

法院地国家国内法中的冲突规则和已对该国生效的国际条约中的冲突规则同属该国国际私法的渊源。多数国家的国际私法制定法均有优先适用国际条约中的冲突规则的规定,但其国际私法分则对国际条约中的冲突规则的处理方式则主要有三种不同的立法模式。在裁判涉外民事案件的实践中,实体法解决办法有别于冲突法解决办法,仅在案件不符合国际统一实体私法条约的适用条件的情形下,才能依法院地国家国内法的冲突规则确定准据法。涉外合同的双方当事人选择已对法院地国家和其他缔约国生效的国际条约并不等于选择了合同准据法。而如果涉外合同的双方当事人选择了尚未对法院地国家生效、但已对两个或两个以上其他国家生效的国际条约,则只能视为对无法律约束力的“非国家规则” 的选择。由于“程序问题适用法院地法”,涉外民事案件的程序事项既不适用冲突规则,也不适用实体私法规则。法院地国家国内法的冲突规则不会同国际条约中的国际民事程序法规则发生抵触。     

伊拉克战争对国际法治的冲击和影响

美英发动的伊拉克战争对国际社会提出了一系列值得认真思考的国际法问题。本文着重探讨这场战争对国际法基础的冲击以及违反联合国宪章规定非法使用武力问题 ,探讨在国际武装冲突中实施国际人道法面临的困境。在此基础上 ,作者提出了加强国际法治的若干建议。     

Global Privacy Concerns and Regulation-- Is the United States a World Apart?

The regulatory approach to privacy protection taken by many foreign jurisdictions is markedly different from that of the United States. The European Union (EU) best illustrates the international approach with its comprehensive privacy directive that applies to all EU members. By contrast, the approach regarding data privacy in the United States has been to pass industry-specific laws and often only in response to public outcry over some privacy concern. These fundamental differences have been the source of some conflict in international commercial transacting. Now that the global community is committed to eliminating terrorism, it remains to be seen if these different attitudes toward privacy by the United States and much of the rest of the world will affect global attempts to weed out terrorists. This article discusses the constitutional basis for most US policy approaches to privacy regulation. The article explains how the US constitution is the source for most of the differences between the US and international regulatory approaches to information privacy. Finally, the discussion addresses how new issues regarding privacy in the war on terrorism may be addressed by US Constitutional law.     

论卢旺达国际刑事法庭对国际刑法发展的贡献

卢旺达国际刑事法庭在1994年的建立和12年的审判实践经验为国际刑事法的发展作出了一定贡献.主要表现在:卢旺达国际刑事法庭是历史上首次建立专门审理非国际性武装冲突的国际刑事法庭;丰富了国际人道主义法的内容;扩大了对在非国际性武装冲突中犯罪的管辖权,进一步积累了国际刑事法院的审判经验,对国际刑法中的三大罪行的界定作出了新的阐释;推动了非洲国际法学的发展并在一定程度上促进了常设性国际刑事法院的建立.     

International Law and the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict: Actual Problems and Challenges

Cultural property may be under serious threat in the event of armed conflict. In the twentieth century, there were clear developments in international law aimed at preventing and punishing war crimes against cultural property. Despite this, the destruction of cultural property during armed conflict has continued. This article questions whether the existing international law standards with regard to the protection of cultural property during armed conflict are satisfactory, and whether or not a new instrument could be valuable. Although considerable shortcomings remain, instead of pleading for a new instrument, this article advocates raising ratification rates, the enhancement of the implementation of existing instruments, and monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms.     

The Relevance of the United Nations War Crimes Commission to the Prosecution of Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes Today

This article discusses aspects of the origin and development of jurisprudence relating to the prosecution of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in the context of international criminal law. It examines a selection of archival material from the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) and other bodies connected to it, noting that the UNWCC was the first multinational criminal law organization to explicitly endorse SGBV crimes as international crimes. UNWCC-supported trials in both Europe and Asia suggest that rape committed in the context of armed conflict or situations of mass violence was punishable as a serious crime nearly 70 years ago. Moreover, many of the theories of liability used by contemporary tribunals today were used in the UNWCC-supported cases. The authors maintain that the UNWCC archives are not only valuable for tribunals prosecuting conflict-related SGBV cases today, but the jurisprudence emerging from UNWCC-supported cases may also be quite relevant to contemporary policy debates.     

The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Human Rights Law

Throughout a considerable part of its history, the InternationalCommittee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has customarily refrainedfrom invoking international human rights law, for reason ofthis law's alleged politicisation. However, the changing characterof armed conflicts and other situations of violence where theICRC is currently operating have prompted it to set a frameworkfor making some limited use of selected and applicable humanrights, for the purpose of reinforcing the protection and assistanceit provides. This article examines how the ICRC may use humanrights in this way during armed conflicts, through the prismof international humanitarian law, as well as the conditionsfor their invocation in accordance with relevant ICRC doctrines.     

Thoughts on the theories and practice of chinese private international law

“The parties can only choose facultative legal norms,” “the parties of all foreign-related civil and commercial cases may agree to choose Chinese law as the applicable law governing their legal relationship,” and “the applicable law to the contract chosen by the parties shall not avoid the mandatory provisions of Chinese law” —such viewpoints that have substantial influence among the theorists and in the judicial practices of Chinese private international law are actually based on misunderstandings of Chinese private international law. It is a task of the private international law community of China to eliminate such misunderstandings, hence facilitating the healthy development of Chinese private international law.