论衍生合同

衍生合同是指从母合同中分离出部分内容而形成的子合同,其因体现母子合同之间的衍生关系而得名。既有合同法理论与金融衍生品法律研究均忽视了衍生合同。合同衍生有别于合同演绎、合同合成等传统合同生成方式,不同于无名合同类型中的混合合同,也不同于演绎一般合同而得到的特殊合同。它可能将母合同的次要或附随义务上升为其主义务,并可能重新组织权利义务网络,这可能会减少交易成本、产生新的交易风险并打破权利义务的均衡状态。从合同衍生、合同演绎、合同合成三方面可理清合同“族谱”的脉络,借助合同衍生的规律可探索法律规则的生成规律。合同衍生中所蕴含的整体与部分关系可在金融衍生品合约、无名合同等纠纷裁判中为“最相类似合同”的认定及其参照适用等提供初步的证据。     

试论政府采购合同的性质

政府采购合同包括货物采购合同、服务采购合同和工程采购合同。就其性质而言 ,公共工程采购合同及由行政机关决定执行特定经济社会政策目标的货物采购合同、服务采购合同和其他工程采购合同为行政合同 ,其余为民事合同。从发展趋势看 ,作为民事合同的政府采购合同占较大比重 ,这并不意味着政府采购合同中行政合同种类可有可无 ,而是特定政府采购合同中公共利益优先的必然要求     

论合同的法律约束力与效力及合同的成立与生效

本文指出合同成立与合同生效具有不同的法律要件 ,合同成立产生合同的法律约束力 ,而合同的生效产生狭义上的合同效力。合同的效力包括广义与狭义的两种含义 ,广义的合同效力指合同对当事人的一般约束力 ,狭义的合同效力又称履行效力 ,仅指合同约定的具体权利义务的发生。所谓合同的有效与无效是指广义的合同效力的有无 ,而非合同生效中所称的狭义合同效力     

论合同效力类型体系的重构*--认真对待合同的法律约束力

现有合同效力类型体系不够科学,有必要重构。合同的效力类型应划分为三类五种。合同有效（广义）包括依法成立的合同的有效（狭义）和可撤销合同的有效。合同效力待定实为法律约束力待定。合同无效（广义）包括合同绝对无效（狭义）和相对无效。此“三类五种体系”始终以合同的“法律约束力”为基点,与现有的以“生效”为基点的合同效力类型体系均截然有别。该体系还表明,合同有效乃生效的必要前提。应当承认合同有效乃介于合同成立与合同生效之间的独立的效力层次。     

论合同诈骗罪中的合同

合同诈骗罪的合同是指被犯罪行为人利用,以骗取他人财物,而且扰乱市场秩序的合同。它是以财产为内容的、体现了合同当事人之间财产关系的财产合同。合同诈骗罪的合同包括民事合同、劳动合同,其形式有书面形式、口头形式以及其他非书面形式。     

试论合同的成立与生效

合同的成立和生效是合同法研究和适用中一个易混淆的问题,合同的成立是合同生效的前提,在大多数情况下,没有成立的合同则很难谈得上合同的生效。本文就合同的成立和生效问题进行了解析并提出了相关见解。     

无效合同及其相关问题研究

<合同法》有关无效合同的规定主要有三个特点.一是对无效合同的类型和构成要件作了重新表述;二是将代理无效的合同从无效合同中剥离出来,单独规定为效力待定合同;三是在无效合同之外,增列了可撤销的合同.由于代理无效的合同与无效合同在立法上曾有"渊源”关系,加之可撤销的合同与前二者在性质和法律适用上有时呈交叉状态,所以本文对无效合同、代理无效的合同和可撤销的合同作了一并研究.此外,本文对与无效合同等相关的破产和仲裁问题,也作了较为深入的讨论.     

未生效合同中的法律问题

一般合同成立时即生效,但也有一部分合同成立时间和生效时间并不是同一的,在合同成立之后但尚未生效之前就需要未生效合同来进行连接,关于未生效合同的性质如何,包括哪些类型的合同,在合同效力体系中的位置,以及当事人在未生效合同中的权利义务以及违反义务时应当承担何种性质的责任,对于这些问题我国法律中并未作出明确规定,本文拟对此进行梳理分析。     

契约自由原则相对化与定式合同的性质

主要关注于定式合同基本性质 ,以便促进中国定式合同的研究水准。为了达到上述目的 ,主要运用历史研究的方法 ,探讨在合同自由原则由于种种原因逐渐相对化的历史条件下 ,定式合同是否仍然具有合同的基本性质。结论是即使契约自由原则受到一定限制 ,但是并没有使得定式合同丧失合同的基本属性。     

试论“1+3”合同管理体系的构建

合同管理是一项兼具专业性和全面性的综合工程,从最基本的要素入手,通过建立合同审核流程,推行合同示范文本,健全合同授权机制,规范合同印章使用,构建简洁易行、科学高效的"1+3"合同管理体系,将会快速提升企业的法律风险防范能力,促进企业的健康发展。     

期租中租家付租义务与停租权利关系刍议

针对期租租家支付租金义务和停租权利的矛盾,结合判例法与实务的发展动态,通过对合同条文、判例、学理的比较分析,论证支付租金是租家的一项绝对义务,停租只是该义务的例外情形,据此进一步提出,租家在行使停租权利时必须全面理解标准条款的种种限制,而要扩大停租条款的适用范围,只能从期租合同的性质和商业风险分配原则出发,彻底修改现有停租条款,而不是在合同解释上别出心裁。     

试论托运人在货物运输途中变更合同的权利——评《合同法》第308条

中国新《合同法》规定托运人在货物运输途中有权变更合同。本文分析了该规定的立法基础 ,指出了行使该权利的一些条件 ,并对该规定提出了一些建议。     

规范建构框架中漏洞补充的路径取向与民间规范

法律规范的结构可以二分为事实构成与价值。一个正确的漏洞补充的规范建构不仅取向于生活事实，而且取向于价值。规范建构如果不取向于生活事实，就会成为无源之水；如果不取向于价值因素，就会成为一次没有灯塔的航行。生活事实构成事实构成的社会基础和元素材，而社会事实中自然流淌出来的价值倾向则构成了建构中的法律规范的合理性内核。民间规范构成漏洞补充的两大取向中基础的、真切的和不可或缺的社会事实或者社会规范资源之一。     

Corporation and Contract

Publicly traded corporations rarely use the nearly absolutefreedom afforded them to draft charters that deviate from thedefault terms of state corporation law. Conventional explanationsfor this phenomenon are unconvincing. A more promising explanationlies in the lack of any feasible amendment mechanism that willassure efficient adaptation of charter terms as changing circumstancesdictate during the long expected lifetime of a public corporation.In effect, by adopting state law default terms, corporationsdelegate to the state the process of amending charter provisionsover time.     

远期运费协议的法律性质及管辖问题——评中国第一起航运金融衍生品纠纷

作为海事司法审判中出现的新类型纠纷,远期运费协议主要是为了解决日益突出的运费风险问题,它从传统的包运合同和期租合同进一步演变而来,使其在航运的基础上又具有了更多的金融色彩。从远期运费协议的产生、协议的主体身份以及交易形式等多方面对其法律性质进行分析,主张鉴于其与船舶、海上货物运输等密切相关,有关远期运费协议等航运金融衍生品纠纷丰富了海商法的内容,属海商法的特别范畴,适宜由海事法院管辖。     

Toward a Signaling Explanation of the Private Choice of Corporate Law

Corporate actors can choose their corporate domicile and haveconsiderable freedom to choose terms in corporate charters.Although contractarian corporate law literature almost alwaysanalyzes the private choice of corporate law through the lensof agency costs, this article considers the choice for its informationalcontent. A particular law may be chosen by an entrepreneur notbecause it reduces agency costs, but because it signals qualityto outside investors. The article considers the choice of aDelaware domicile. Higher expected litigation costs for relativelylow quality firms that accompany a Delaware domicile could implythat choosing Delaware signals a relatively high quality firm.Alternatively, the size and structure of the franchise tax inDelaware could give rise to a signal of quality from locatingthere. The article considers the ambiguous welfare implicationsof the signaling analysis and the debate over mandatory versusenabling rules in corporate law. It also suggests how the signalinganalysis might apply to the debate over the private choice ofa securities regulation domicile.     

贸仲委上海、华南两分会与贸仲委之争的法律问题研究(二)——贸仲委修订实施其2012规则合法正当有效

制定修订贸仲委仲裁规则的主体,无论仲裁法实施前依中央人民政府政务院1954年《决定》和国务院1988年《批复》还是实施后依其第73条规定均是中国贸促会(中国国际商会);贸仲委委员会议不是修订规则主体只是履行审议通过规则修订草案的程序;贸仲委历届章程均未规定审议通过规则修订草案的具体方式或应进行决议;贸仲委2012规则(简称12规则)修订草案无论以何方式经委员会议审议通过后提交中国贸促会(中国国际商会)批准实施均符合法律及章程规定,不存在规则修订草案审议通过程序违法;12规则取消"大条款"〔1〕择地仲裁规定真正实现了当事人意思自治,不存在实体违法;贸仲委上海、华南两分会拒不适用12规则,违反当事人签署两分会仲裁条款真实意愿,无权受理所涉案件。     

The legal nature of shares in landowning joint stock companies in the nineteenth century

This essay examines some of the contexts in which women appear especially in non-royal deeds from the kingdom of Scotland in the years between roughly 1150 and 1350. It is based on a survey of several thousand charters written on behalf of both men and women, native, Anglo-Norman and European. It considers how charter evidence may be used to illuminate the extent to which women both used and shaped the laws and customs that governed the conveyance of land in medieval Scotland, and examines changes in women's legal capacity over time. Recent studies on literacy in later medieval Europe have shown that women participated actively in the literate culture of the period and that they exerted a sometimes profound influence on written texts themselves, and this theme is explored at some length in the context of Scottish charter evidence. Also examined is the extent to which traditional Gaelic customs in respect of women's property rights shaped and influenced the early common law of Scotland.     

承租人单方解除航次租船合同造成出租人损失的计算方法

在航次租船合同中,承租人单方解除航次租船合同所造成的损失,为出租人与承租人签订的航次租船合同履行后本可获得的收益,减去出租人占用本应履行原航次租船合同的时间履行与第三人签订的合同所获得的收益之间的差额。     

The Legal Cartography of Colonization, the Legal Polyphony of Settlement: English Intrusions on the American Mainland in the Seventeenth Century

This essay investigates the first century of English colonization of the North American mainland, concentrating on the charters and letters patent that proponents of western planning secured over the course of the century. The elaborated legalities of chartering should be understood as a technology of planning and design. Charters allowed projectors both to justify their pursuit of particular territorial claims and to establish, with some precision, the conceptions of the appropriate, familiar, desired order of things and people that would be imposed onto uncharted social and physical circumstance.
The structures of authoritative sociolegal order planned by projectors encountered others implicit in the migrations of actual settlers. Investigating settlers'disagreement with and departure from projectors'designs, the essay discards common explanations—that these were inevitable corrections brought about by the intrusion of local environmental realities on English projectors'fantasies, or the realization of an implicit evolutionary logic of political development, or of legal reception. It argues that disagreements were more often the result of a collision of distinct English legal cultures brought, by migration, into an unavoidable proximity.
The essay counterposes the paradigm of "colonization" to both "common law reception" and "bottom-up localism" analyses of the formation of early American legal culture. It proposes that "colonization" also resolves the discontinuity between early (colonial) and later (U.S.) American history.