特许经营中的商标权保护——以特许人权利保护为视角

特许经营的发展是以知识产权的集中许可和使用为其基本特征，商标权是特许经营权的核心内容之一。以商标权为核心的知识产权在特许经营中体现了重要的价值功能。由于特许人的维权意识不足，国内相关立法不够完善，经常发生针对特许人商标权的侵权行为。针对以上情况，结合具体的案例，分析特许人商标权遭受侵权的表现形式和原因，提出特许人维护其商标权的应对策略。     

The Structure of Ownership Rights in Franchising: An Incomplete Contracting View

The paper offers an explanation for the structure of ownership rights in franchising networks which emphasize the role of intangible assets. By applying the incomplete contracting theory of the firm we argue that the structure of ownership rights depends on the distribution of intangible assets between the franchisor and the franchisee. The higher the franchisor's (franchisee's) intangible assets relative to the franchisee (franchisor), the more ownership rights should be transferred to him. This hypothesis was tested by using data from the Austrian franchise sector. The empirical results are supportive of the hypothesis.     

以奥林匹克标志保护为契机完善我国知识产权保护制度

奥林匹克标志的法律保护方式主要有三种:第一种方式是以注册商标的形式加以保护,第二种是以单行法规的形式加以保护,第三种是以"官方标志"的形式加以保护.应该对奥林匹克标志进行法律上的综合保护.目前,中国对奥林匹克标志的保护主要还是以注册商标结合单行法规的方式进行,中国应该注重以"官方标志"的形式对奥林匹克标志进行保护,我国也应该借此契机完善我国的官方标志的知识产权保护制度.     

注册商标的使用及其管理

本文认为 ,现行商标法及其实施细则由于立法认识上的失误及疏忽 ,在规定关于注册商标的使用及其管理方面存在诸多缺陷和不足 ,在实践当中造成不良后果。因此 ,如何规范地界定注册商标使用的内容是真正发挥注册商标的基本功能 ,实现其经济目的的法律保障。在完善注册商标使用的管理制度方面 ,应凸现商标权这一民事权利的私权本质 ,围绕商标权的取得、行使及保护等方面作出科学规定 ,从而完善我国商标法律制度。     

TRIPS协议下我国假冒注册商标罪的立法完善

依据Trips协议的相关规则和要求,完善和调整我国知识产权的法律保护机制,是亟待研究解决的问题。Trips协议下我国假冒注册商标罪的立法应从以下方面加以完善:将服务商标、“类似商品”、“近似商标”侵权行为和反向假冒注册商标行为纳入本罪的保护范围;改结果犯为行为犯的立法模式;加大刑法对注册驰名商标行为的保护力度。     

论非传统商标的显著性认定：价值立场与论证框架

注册非传统商标的门槛因开放式的商标定义而降低。保护非传统商标带来的行政与司法的制度成本不容忽视,其中最需厘清的是显著性判定标准。我国商标法实践中存在“独创性”“驰名商标知名度”等不恰当的理论借用,及“商标与商品关系的远近”等欠缺精度的细化规则,尚未形成统一、合理的论证框架;司法审判中权衡多主体法益的思考方式之缺位,催生了对非传统商标的强保护倾向。一个更周延的论证框架是:首先应排除所属行业的通用选择;其后要求申请人履行“第二含义”的证明责任;最后根据有关消费者认知的证据,对显著性进行认定。     

Privacy,stigma and public protection: A socio-legal analysis of criminality information practices in the UK

Criminality information practices involve public authorities in the UK (and elsewhere) gathering, retaining and sharing information that connects with an identifiable individual; all with the ostensible aim of upholding and improving standards of public protection. This piece first charts the landscape of contemporary criminality information practices in the UK today. The article then examines recent legal emphases and policy directions for public protection networks. Consideration is then given in the piece to privacy rights and values and the difficulties in providing an exact typology and grounding for these. The piece then outlines a suggested framework for correct legal regulation, as well as a through commentary on the work done by Catherine Bellamy et al. to empirically determine the extent to which public protection information sharing can in fact occur in correct adherence to legal regulation. A socio-legal analysis is undertaken of the nature of public protection networks as variants on Goffman's performance teams within a dramaturgical routine that foregrounds stigmatisation of perceived ‘risky’ individuals as an aspect of that routine. This piece also explores the processes of institutional isomorphism as a reaction to shifting policy directions and legal doctrines, acting as a driving force towards a hierarchical performance of criminality information practices by public protection networks. Three conclusions are offered up for consideration: firstly, that the growing complexity of the law and regulation relating to criminality information practices might improve privacy values in the criminal justice system and help to add precision to necessary processes of stigmatisation in relation to the aim of public protection. Secondly, that these shifts in the law still need ongoing revisions, in order that a hierarchical approach to criminality information practices can be arrived at over time. Thirdly, that if the permanency of potential stigmatisation through the indefinite retention of criminality information cannot change, due to the competing pressure on the criminal justice system from public protection duties, then consultation with ‘risky’ individuals where practicable, before criminality information connected to them is shared across public protection networks becomes essential as a privacy-enhancing value and practice.     

中美侵犯商标权犯罪刑事立法比较

日益凸显的侵犯商标权犯罪对我国商标权法律保护体系发出了挑战.由于特殊的历史文化背景、法律制度及国情,美国的知识产权保护制度走在了世界的前列,将其与我国的商标权刑事保护制度进行多方面的比较研究,可以获得许多有益的启示,对发展、完善我国的商标权刑事保护法律制度具有积极的作用.     

企业商标权与言论自由的界限——以美国商标法上的戏仿为视角

商标的历史非常久远,但把商标作为财产保护却迟至19世纪。美国宪法中的“知识产权条款”不是商标法的立法基础。但在美国,公民、法人享有的商标权和言论自由都有其宪法基础。在商业领域,商标戏仿指的是把他人的商标作为批评、调侃对象的行为。戏仿在商标权与言论自由之间制造了一种紧张关系。一方面,商标所有人希望借助现代商标制度防止他人对自己标志的擅自使用;另一方面,第三人又希望借助言论自由的保护,对他人的商标进行最大程度的利用。如何解决商标权与言论自由之间的冲突,构成了司法实践中的难题。商标不同于传统财产、应受一定程度的限制这一属性并不能为戏仿提供言论自由的保护。在实践中,美国法院探索了“可替代的其他充分的传播手段”、“非商业性言论”等进路来解决商标权与言论自由的冲突。“可替代的其他充分的传播手段”标准无法解决戏仿的对象是商标本身而引起的问题,“非商业性言论”标准面临的困扰是无法划分商业性／非商业性言论之间的界限,为此,美国的立法和司法实践引入了“合理使用”标准。     

略论行政法视野下的商标评审

现阶段加强对商标权的行政保护是十分必要的,行政机关在具体行政过程中免不了引起行政争议,合理实现行政救济是保护行政相对人的关键。商标评审委员会作为商标行政复议机构,在平息商标行政纠纷中发挥了独特的功能。本文结合行政法理论对商标评审机构的法律地位、商标评审行为的法律性质以及评审过程中的特殊规则进行了探讨。     

浅析商标平行进口

国际贸易中技术因素的增长,必然带来更多、更复杂的知识产权保护问题,商标平行进口便是其中之一。本文从商标平行进口问题的概述谈起,通过对理论根源的分析,结合我国当前的客观实际及国外相关立法经验,提出针对我国商标平行进口问题的立法建议。     

未注册驰名商标保护及其制度完善

未注册驰名商标属于驰名商标范畴,但在受法律保护方面与已注册驰名商标存在较大差异。保护未注册驰名商标具有正当性,符合商标权作为私权保护的立法意旨,体现了法律的公平正义精神,有利于制止不正当竞争行为。未注册驰名商标在理论和实践中有很多问题需要澄清,如未注册驰名商标能否因使用而获得商标权利。从立法层面看,未注册驰名商标受到了国际公约和很多国家商标立法的保护。我国法律对未注册驰名商标的保护经历了一个逐步完善的过程。在第三次修改《商标法》的过程中,应对未注册驰名商标保护做出修改和完善。     

商标的显著性与驰名商标的保护

判定一个商标能否获得驰名商标的保护,应当考量的因素之一就是该商标的显著性程度。商标的显著性是商标标识固有识别属性的外在表现能力。它要求商标标识设计独特,方便识别,方便传播。商标原发取得显著性和通过使用取得显著性是基于注册要求应具有的相对显著性,只有具备绝对显著性的商标才能获得驰名商标的保护,但法律对驰名商标的保护程度因其显著性强弱不同而有所不同。     

EMU and the Shift in the European Labour Law Agenda: From ‘Social Policy’ to ‘Employment Policy’

This article examines the interaction between EMU and the European Union (EU) employment strategy and its implications for law. It focuses on the importance of EMU as a catalyst in the development of the EU's social and employment policy in the years following the Treaty on European Union in 1992, up to the inauguration of a new employment policy in the Treaty of Amsterdam. In analysing the EU's discourse on labour market regulation, it is arguable that a shift has occurred in the EU's position on the ‘labour market flexibility’ debate: that the EU institutions are more readily accepting of the orthodoxy that labour market regulation and labour market institutions are a major cause of unemployment within EU countries and that a deregulatory approach, which emphasises greater ‘flexibility’ in labour markets, is the key to solving Europe's unemployment ills, along with macroeconomic stability, restrictive fiscal policy and wage restraint. As the EU's employment strategy has matured, this increased emphasis on employment policy has come to displace discourses around social policy. This change in emphasis has important implications for EMU since it signals a re‐orientation from an approach to labour market regulation which had as its core a strong concept of employment protection and high labour standards, to an approach which prioritises employment creation, and minimises the role of social policy, since social policy is seen as potentially increasing the regulatory burden.     

我国公用事业特许经营制度运作之评估与展望——基于40起典型事例的考察

对我国公用事业特许经营改革40起典型事例的实证分析表明,特许经营制度改革本身定位是否确当、政府是否具备诚信意识、后续政府监管是否有力、政府利益衡量是否周全,往往成为特许经营制度运作成败的关键。为了实现公用事业特许经营制度的健康发展,应当从风险防范意识的加强、法律规范体系的完善和政府监管能力的提升等三个方面进行努力。     

Lawyers,CABx and the Community Legal Service: A new dawn for social welfare law provision?

This article explores the prognosis for social welfare law provision in the light of the government's plans for the Community Legal Service. It considers whether the involvement of both the advice sector and the traditional legal profession can provide the basis for stable and comprehensive provision of social welfare law. I conducted in-depth interviews with CAB workers and local solicitors in the large conurbation served by two CABx who participated in the non-solicitor franchise pilot in 1997. The research focused on the relationships between the legal service providers and the impact of the franchise operation on the CAB. Although harmonious relationships were found to be largely intact at a local level, the franchise raised considerable tension within the CABx that must serve as a cautionary note to any optimism about 'establishing the Community Legal Service'.     

“混淆之虞”,抑或“显著性受损之虞”?——对我国商标侵权认定标准的再思考

虽然目前学界提出的"混淆标准"与"显著性标准"均可在一定程度上为商标侵权的认定提供理论支撑,但却均存在对商标权人的利益保护不够周延的问题。鉴于商标功能是商标赖以存在的基础,对商标权利益边界的划定应当建立在对商标功能进行整体把握的基础上。为此,我国应在商标法中设置有关商标侵权认定的一般性条款,并在其中突显对商标功能的维护。     

Why are the United States and the European Union failing to regulate the internet efficiently? Going beyond the bottom-up and top-down alternatives

This paper analyzes the different approaches for Internet regulation. We use the United States and European Union to illustrate the alternative approaches of self-regulation and government intervention. Our research suggests that both systems have serious shortcomings that could be ameliorated by the use of a mixed system for Internet regulation in which both the private and public sector have a role. The case study of privacy rights self regulation in the United States and its failure to effectively provide privacy regulation serves as our empirical evidence. We provide guidelines for both the government and the private sector in defining and enforcing privacy regulation. JEL Classification K33 · K2 · L51 · L86 · O57     

寻求注册与使用在商标确权中的合理平衡

在第一性的意义上，商标权无疑源于企业在交易活动中对商标的实际使用。这一论断既可从商标制度演进的历史中得到验证，又契合财产权劳动学说和符号学基本原理。尽管如此，各主要国家都先后建立了商标注册制度，并由此形成商标权注册取得和使用取得两种确权模式。无论采取何种模式，各国商标法乃至国际公约都作了充分的技术设计，致力于寻求注册和使用在法律效力上的合理平衡。我国现行商标法采取一种近乎绝对的注册取得确权模式，在客观上助长了商标抢注行为，导致大量注册商标与市场实际脱节，影响了商标制度的正常运行。应在总体上沿袭注册取得传统模式的同时，明确规定基于使用也可取得商标权，并依此对商标法进行修订。