行政诉讼中的行政首长出庭应诉制度研究

检视行政首长出庭应诉制度的文本变迁和实践运作,可以发现原本处于边缘化地位的行政首长出庭应诉制度已经上升为当前行政审判的重要制度。行政首长出庭应诉制度的兴起既是人民法院努力优化行政审判外部环境和民众寻求行政争议实质性解决的结果,更与行政机关改善自身形象寻求外力合作治理的动向密不可分。行政首长出庭应诉制度的运作目前尚存在运动化、形式化和庸俗化的误区。为了保障行政首长出庭应诉制度的有效实施,应当坚持三步走的渐进式制度运行模式并辅之相配套的裁量机制、评价机制和公开机制。     

行政诉讼行政首长出庭应诉制度:司法政治学的视角

新《行政诉讼法》修订颁布之后,行政首长出庭应诉制度正式成为一项带有鲜明中国特色的司法运作机制。从制度变迁的角度来看,行政首长出庭应诉制度经历了一个从地方政策试验到中央立法吸纳的过程。从各地关于行政首长出庭应诉制度的政策文本出发,不难发现社会稳定压力与地方法制竞争的外部因素影响,而且行政首长出庭应诉制度的实践运作,也主要依赖于数字考核的指标控制而非行政法治的自我拘束。从中国行政诉讼模式变迁的大背景下观察,行政首长出庭应诉与行政诉讼协调和解、行政诉讼司法建议制度根源自相同的法理,均旨在实现纠纷的实质性化解,而不再将合法性判断视为行政诉讼的核心议题。     

在行政首长出庭应诉问题上应反对两种错误倾向

行政机关首长出庭应诉是指公民、法人或其他组织因不服行政机关具体行政行为起诉至法院后，行政机关的主要负责人亲自出庭、直接参加诉讼的活动。目前全国许多市、县（区）、乡（镇）政府制定与实施了行政首长出庭应诉制度，行政首长出庭应诉的比例大为提高，该制度对于增强行政机关的法治意识和应诉能力、妥善解决行政争议、提高行政执法水平等发挥了重要的作用。     

行政首长出庭应诉的机理分析与机制构建

行政诉讼中的行政首长出庭应诉,①被学界和实务界认为是破解行政审判难题的重要突破口。随着建设法治政府进程的日益加快。行政首长出庭应诉已渐近制度化。但是。要使之具有坚实的理论基础、完善的运行机制、有力的效果保障。成为一个成熟而稳定的制度,尚需在对其现状作出客观分析和清醒认识的基础上,揭示其积极意义和现实可能性。特别是要对行政首长出庭应诉的主体、情形、程序制约、庭后总结、监督以及建立行政机关与法院的联动机制等问题上进行认真的研究。这无论是对于已经列入立法规划的行政诉讼法的修改,还是对于实践层面的需要来讲,都显得非常的紧迫。     

行政首长出庭再认识

"行政首长出庭",是对行政机关负责人(法定代表人或正副职领导人员)在行政诉讼中出庭应诉的一种通俗说法。近年来,行政机关负责人在行政诉讼中出庭应诉的数量和比例均呈大幅上升态势,在一些地区已     

行政首长应当出庭应诉吗?——在司法的技术、权能与功能之间

从司法技术的角度看,首长应诉制度存在"去专业化"之倾向,无助于提升司法的公正性。但此制度可在一定程度上缓解由于法院司法审查权能之实际不足所引发的行政诉讼之整体危机,并对行政纠纷之彻底解决有所助益,故其在当下具有一种作为权宜性策略的适行性。但是,《行政诉讼法》不宜直接规定首长应诉制度,而仅需对被告委派代理人出庭作出一般性宣示。     

行政诉讼要加强司法权力对行政权力的监督

前些日子,《中国青年报》一篇题为《敢于应诉也是政绩》 的时评文章就"民告官"中行政首长出庭应诉展开论述。结论 是:"敢于应诉、积极应诉体现了政府的责任意识、服务意识, 有错承认、知错即改,本身就是一种政绩。" 起初,对这一篇时评文章,笔者认为立论鲜明、观点突 出、论据充分。然而,看到不久前出台的《深圳市人民政府法 律顾问工作规则》明确规定"政府机关如果成为被告,根据具 体情况,行政首长或者必须出庭,或者有选择性出庭"的消息 (见《工人日报》7月9日报道),才又对行政首长出庭产生了 更为深刻的认识。因为深圳市以规范性文件对行政首长是否     

案讯点击

北京平谷法院推进行政机关负责人出庭应诉制度2011年伊始,北京市平谷区法院从推进法治政府建设、参与社会管理创新、夯实司法人民性根基的高度,通过＂四步走＂、＂四借力＂、＂四促进＂积极推进行政机关负责人出庭应诉工作。截至8月底,平谷法院共审结行政案件65件,其中行政机关负责人出庭应诉案件33件,     

行政争议实质化解的“湖州样板”

近年来,浙江省湖州市聚焦行政争议纠纷实质化解,创新搭建"行政争议调解中心"实体平台,推动行政机关负责人出庭应诉工作走在全国前列,全方位打造行政争议实质化解"湖州样板"。近3年来,湖州市行政机关平均败诉率为10.92%,低于全省平均水平。     

出庭就是最重要的公务

在江苏海安县,发生“民告官”的行政诉讼。政府行政部门负责人出庭应诉已经成为一种普遍现象。2004年以来,2任县长、206位行政机关负责人先后出庭应诉。最近5年,该县行政机关负责人出庭应诉率达100％。（《人民日报》5月4日）     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。