Law Guanxi: MNCs,state actors,and legal reform in China

Since 1978, China has opened itself to foreign direct investment and has undertaken significant legal reform, especially in the area of international commercial arbitration. I analyze the roles that foreign actors and state officials have played in changing Chinese legal institutions such as the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) and personal relations, or guanxi. 1 ^1. La guanxi is a Chinese expression, meaning ‘to pull strings (to get things done)’. View all notes Foreign investors, attorneys, and non-governmental organizations are helping China to adopt formal commercial arbitral institutions that follow international norms. In that sense, foreign actors are contributing to rule of law in China. Yet, foreign investors also attempt to use guanxi to get around central regulations, thereby contributing to informal legal institutions. The combination of guanxi and formal legal institutions follows a model of path dependent institutional change. I use the terms, ‘layering’ and ‘bricolage’ to elucidate the ways that actors combine existing institutions with new legal forms introduced by foreign investors, attorneys, and NGOs.     

公安机关参与行政诉讼应注意的问题

行政诉讼所确立保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益不受侵犯的目的,与公安机关的根本宗旨是完全一致的。为了确保公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,公安行政行为必须接受人民法院的监督。熟悉和掌握行政诉讼规则对于我们依法办案、文明办案,提高办案效率和质量非常必要。本人认为,公安机关在收到人民法院送达的起诉状副本后,应从程序上充分行使诉讼权,从实体上准确把握规定,做透庭审过程细节三方面做好功课,为诉讼打下良好的基础。     

"禁止性骚扰"法律成本的性别分配——新修《妇女权益保障法》的法律经济学分析

新修《妇女权益保障法》明确规定“禁止性骚扰”,无疑是一个历史的进步。但由于法律要件不完全,其它法律法规不配套,产生了法律制度供给的局部不足,立法仅具倡导意义,很难实现法律的预期效益。不仅如此,性骚扰人身权属性的立法设计,在事实上可能产生雇主和其他责任主体的缺位,而仅靠受害妇女投诉禁止性骚扰,在法律文化和程序障碍共存的情况下,等于将救济成本和诉讼风险同时分配给可能是潜在受害人的女性,这可能导致权利的义务化逆转,造成新的法律成本分配的性别不平等。     

行政诉讼与民事诉讼交叉问题的探究

行政诉讼中存在民事诉讼及民事诉讼中存在行政诉讼的行政诉讼与民事诉讼相互交叉问题常常会在在司法实践出现,对这一问题能否处理得当直接关系到能否保障行政机关依法行政,维护司法权威,使公民、法人及其他组织的合法权益得以保护。本文试通过对一起案件的分析探究处理行政诉讼与民事诉讼交叉问题的方法。     

Why Develop and Support Women's Organizations in Providing Legal Aid in China? Women's rights,women's organizations and legal aid in China

This article argues that women's organizations are central to legal aid for women in China. Chinese women would benefit if more women's legal aid organizations were developed and supported. There are currently too few such organizations, especially in rural areas. Their work challenges the public legal aid programme to develop a rights-based legal aid agenda to achieve greater gender equality through the protection of women's rights. They bring diverse women's perspectives which counter prevailing traditional patriarchal attitudes and male dominance in Chinese society. The emergence of autonomous women's organizations is also important because it helped to break the monopoly of the All China Women's Federation over women's perspectives, identities and interests in China. The article concludes that the competitive yet collaborative relationship between autonomous women's legal aid organizations and the All China Women's Federation is producing a definite and positive impact on gender equality through legal reform.     

Algorithm Regulation Under the Framework of Human Rights Protection——From the Perspective of Toronto Declaration

The application of artificial intelligence algorithms in public services brings with it issues such as algorithmic discrimination and inequality.The discussion of the ethics and regulation of algorithms,from the legal perspective,is actually the relationship between intelligent algorithms and the protection of human rights.In response to the discrimination and prejudice of algorithmic violations of human rights,a coalition of nonprofit organizations released the Toronto Declaration on Machine Learning regulates the development and use of algorithms with the principle of "due process." The Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI issued by the European Union in 2019 focus on the participants in algorithm development.While US courts that the algorithms enjoy the right to "freedom of speech".China should learn from the foreign algorithm regulation experience,and seek to establish an overall framework of government regulation that balances the need for technological innovation and commercial competition with human rights protection.     

着力保障民生大力推进法律援助制度建设

为贫困者提供法律援助是一项公认的国家责任。我国法律援助制度是保障人权,维护公民合法权益,促进司法公正的一项重要制度。但由于我国法律援助制度起步较晚,在立法、经费保障等方面都存在着严重不足,需要大力推进和完善,进而为构建和谐社会发挥更大的作用。     

谈证人的自我保护

刑事诉讼法明确规定了公民的作证义务 ,但在司法实践中 ,许多证人作证后 ,其人身权利、财产权利及其他合法权益受到了粗暴侵害 ,而且事后得不到合理的补偿。了解讼诉权利和义务 ;提出保密请求 ;掌握作证技巧 ;申请司法保护 ;不畏强暴、不图名利、如实作证 ;遭受侵害寻求救济 ,是证人自我保护的必要措施。     

浅析刑讯逼供的防范机制

刑讯逼供在我国的刑事诉讼中十分普遍,是我国刑事诉讼一大痼疾。刑讯逼供严重阻碍我国司法文明的进程,妨害我国司法公正。防范刑讯逼供也是履行国际义务、维护程序正义、防范冤家错案、保障人权的需要。我国刑讯逼供的发生有着多种原因:包括传统法律思想和理念的影响,法制不健全,侦查水平的限制等等。防范刑讯逼供应当从加强执法为民教育,改变侦查模式,完善法律制度,加大惩处力度等方面着手。     

Fighting for Migrant Labor Rights in the World's Factory: legitimacy,resource constraints and strategies of grassroots migrant labor NGOs in South China

China's dizzying economic achievement is not mirrored in its labor rights protection record. Migrant workers in particular do not enjoy rights commensurate with their contribution to the economy. The pervasive infringement of labor rights and the failure of the official protective system have jointly created a niche for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This article investigates the grassroots migrant labor NGOs in the Pearl River Delta region, an area which has seen unprecedented increases in labor disputes both in terms of quantity and intensity. Making extensive use of in-depth interviews and participatory observations, it examines the strategies and tactics NGOs use for survival and growth in a hostile external environment. This article reveals that administrative illegitimacy and resource shortage have been the two key challenges for grassroots NGOs; in order to survive, they have developed a series of strategies to enhance legitimacy and explore resources. In the meantime, however, antagonistic thinking still drives the government's response to grassroots organizations unless the latter can skillfully balance political ideology and actual operation. Yet, overall, most NGOs still managed to survive despite various difficulties. Reciprocity and mutual trust are of critical importance to peaceful coexistence, if not cooperation, between the state and the grassroots. The building of long-term healthy labor relations in China necessitates more liberal thinking and collaborative governance.     

论行政强制立法的意义

公民法人希望行政强制法能对行政强制权的行使进行有效的规范和限、制,从而最大限度地保障其合法权利;行政机关则认为行政强制法生效以后,实施行政强制就有了法律上的根据,就可以更好地保障行政权的行使。文中从《行政强制法》规范行政强制的设定和实施、保障和监督行政机关依法履行职责、维护公共利益和社会秩序、保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益等几方面阐述了行政强制立法的意义。     

Interpretation of the Concept of the Right to Internet Access from the Perspective of International Law

The advent of the internet era breeds a new concept, namely, the right to internet access. Many countries and international organizations, as well as individuals, are advocating or have already embodied it as a basic human right, thus enhancing the issues of whether it should be incorporated into the macro system of international human rights. By analyzing the facts, this article points out that the international concept of the right to internet access should be distinguished from its domestic concept, for there are no legal sources about the right to internet access for guidance as with some treaties in the current international law, despite its close relationship with some existing rights such as the freedom of speech, press and assembly, or the right of equality, or the right to development. And there is still a long time before the legal value and related responsibilities as well as the boundaries about the right to internet access becomes a consensus in the international society. Even though there is quite a possibility, this right hasn't been embodied as part of international human rights, and thus hasn't made a legal concept in international human right law.     

论捕后羁押必要性审查机制之构建

刑事司法实践中"一捕到底"、"久押不决"、"不当羁押"等现象时有发生,严重背离了羁押的初衷,侵害了被羁押人的合法权利。修改后的刑诉法在对现行羁押措施进行重新审视之余,确立羁押必要性审查制度,承继了尊重和保障人权的刑事诉讼原则,填补了我国在羁押救济规则方面的立法空白,强化了检察机关对诉讼活动的法律监督,防止超期羁押和不当羁押的发生,也有力地保障了被羁押人的合法权益。但是,新刑诉法过于原则性的规定,制约了捕后羁押必要性审查的实际操作,使其成为毫无强制力和生命力的"摆设"。因此,无论是从被羁押人权利保障的角度,还是从公安司法机关权力相互制约的角度,都需要对捕后羁押必要性审查机制进行严密的设计,以增强该机制的司法适用功效。     

刑事被害人启动二审请求权研究

2012年修订的新《刑事诉讼法》特别体现了"尊重与保障人权"的原则,但整个新刑诉法的修订都是围绕着保障刑事被告人权利这一立法目的进行的,被害人作为刑事案件的直接受害者,其权利并没有得到增强。在以往及现行的刑诉法中,被害人的诉讼权利一直存在缺失,尤其是请求启动二审程序的权利,即启动二审请求权。通过探讨赋予被害人上诉权的可行性,以及如何完善刑事被害人的抗诉请求权,可落实被害人启动二审请求权。     

国外法官选任制度特点及启示

法官是法律职业共同体的重要组成部分,是行使国家司法权力的具体主体。世界各国对法官的选任格外重视,并形成了一整套行之有效的制度。本文对国外有代表性国家关于法官选拔、录用制度共有特点进行评介,从中寻找对我国法官选任制度建设有益的经验和启示。     

Strengthening South-South Judicial Cooperation to Promote the Development of Global Human Rights

Judicial cooperation is one of the significant components of South-South cooperation. Furthermore, in the process of South-South cooperation, the establishment of a fair, rational, and transparent new system of international justice must be jointly promoted. The Chinese judicial authorities have made new progress in deepening judicial reforms, enhancing judicial transparency, improving human rights judicial protection mechanisms and strengthening the construction of smart courts, and have accumulated rich judicial experience. Under the background that many changes and great upheavals are taking place in the international world, countries of the Global South should strengthen their judicial exchanges and cooperation, especially in the field of the judicial protection of human rights. SouthSouth cooperation should be enhanced and they should learn from each other, so they can jointly make contributions to the development of the legal world.     

谈检察机关对审判机关民事行政诉讼的立案监督

民事行政诉讼立案是审判程序中一个十分重要的环节，但是在当前的人民法院审判实践中一定程度地存在着“不立不裁”现象，检察机关作为国家的法律监督机关是否有权对其进行监督、如何监督，我国现行法律未作明确规定。本文从完善对审判机关民事行政诉讼立案监督的必要性角度出发，对检察机关民事行政诉讼立案监督之法律依据、性质、特点、意义以及具体制度设计作了初步探讨，以期对完善民事行政检察工作有所助益。     

贿赂外国公职人员或者国际公共组织官员罪若干问题研究

我国刑法中的贿赂外国公职人员或者国际公共组织官员罪,其渊源在于《联合国反腐败公约》。但是,在我国将国际公约内化为国内刑法的过程中,本罪的若干方面仍与公约存在脱节之处。笔者认为,应将本罪构成要件中的＂不正当商业利益＂修正为＂不正当利益＂;重新界定＂外国公职人员和国际公共组织官员＂的内涵;扩大＂贿赂＂的范畴;最后提出在我国刑法中应增设外国公职人员、国际公共组织官员受贿罪。     

孤残儿童救助立法完善问题研究

由于目前我国孤残儿童救助制度的不完善,导致孤残儿童权益遭受侵害的事件不断发生。当务之急要加快立法步伐,抓紧从完善孤残儿童救助的相关法律制度、加快孤残儿童救助政策的配套和儿童福利机构的定位转型等几个方面入手,进一步完善我国孤残儿童救助制度,为切实维护和保障孤残儿童权益提供有力的法律保障。     

论我国服刑人员未成年子女法律保护的不足与完善

"南京饿死女童事件"引发人们对我国服刑人员未成年子女权利保护法律制度的反思。服刑人员未成年子女作为特殊的弱势群体,不仅需要物质层面的救助,更需要法律制度给予的人权保障。服刑人员未成年子女权利保护法律制度应以"儿童利益最大原则"作为理论基础,架构国家监护机制,并借助于PPP模式来探寻应然的保护路径,以期使我国服刑人员未成年子女的权利得到有效保护。