马来西亚人力资源市场的现状及其特点

1987年以来,马来西亚经济持续高速发展,第二产业和第三产业的迅速发展为该国国民提供了广阔的就业市场,农村城镇化的成功又使得绝大多数的劳动力进入到人力资源市场,加之政府积极的就业政策、网络、报刊杂志、职业中介机构等的推动力量,这些都促成了马来西亚统一的人力资源市场的形成。然而,种族思想与大量外劳的存在使得其人力资源市场在供求机制、竞争机制、人力资源开发等方面不同程度地存在着不足。     

Ideology after the end of ideology. China and the quest for autocratic legitimation

In political science literature on contemporary China, ideology is mostly regarded as a dogmatic straitjacket to market reforms that has been worn out over the years of economic success, an obsolete legacy of the past waiting to be cast off in the course of the country's transition toward capitalism. This article posits, however, that ideology still plays an indispensable role in the quest to legitimize authoritarian rule in contemporary China, and that it does so precisely due to its high degree of adaptability. Based on David Beetham's theoretical model of political legitimacy, three legitimating functions of ideology that demand the constant adaptation of party theory and official language are introduced. Presenting various examples of reformulations of party theory and official language from the beginning of the reform period up to the present, the article demonstrates how the party regime relies on ideology to constantly reproduce its legitimacy, as well as the pitfalls of this reliance. It argues that ideology in contemporary China should be analysed not as a matter of belief but of playing by the rules of the official language game, and it shows how ideology is deployed as a set of practices and incentives for the proper performance of the political elite.     

Facilitators of development or Kapos for capital: the primrose path to GATS

This article arose from work undertaken on behalf of a UK-based NGO developing a policy response to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It looks at GATS as a key to locating development NGOs (NGDOs) within the broader field of development aims and practices, examining the long-term implications of GATS with respect to the idea of a ‘fourth position’ for such NGOs. It is argued that this theoretical position fails to take into account changing imbalances of power between NGDOs and their Southern counterparts that began under structural adjustment, as a consequence of which many NGDOs now occupy a position from which effective mediation between civil society, the state, and the market would be difficult if not impossible. In addition, GATS represents a step-change along the evolutionary path towards a market-oriented ideology whose verticalist worldview represents a profound contradiction to the avowedly progressive aims of most NGDOs.     

How democratic decentralisation facilitates,sustains, and interrupts market-driven development in India

Democratic decentralisation has emerged as an instrument to implement market-driven development, and elected bodies now extend commercial inputs for commodity production and link households to firms. However, the nature of market-driven development under this condition is understudied. This article focuses on an Indian case where, while access to market inputs was shaped by political capital with elected leaders, narrowing market participation, leaders – now market intermediaries – fostered trust in firms, helping sustain market participation. Conflicts over electoral politics interrupted market production. Markets rely on state institutions and are intertwined with politics, contrary to market proponents’ claims that markets stand above society and are unmediated spaces of exchange.     

中俄金融改革比较

中国和俄罗斯是当今世界两个经济发展速度较快的国家,是"金砖"四国中两个重要的国家,有许多值得研究的问题,其中两国的金融改革就是需要研究的重要课题.中国和俄罗斯的金融改革都是在从计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中进行的,两国的金融改革在改革指导思想和方式、银行体制改革的历程和成就、证券市场改革的历程和依据、中央银行的改革及独立性等方面均呈现出各自的国情要求,各具特色,值得我们认真比较和研究.     

Economic Nationalism as a Challenge to Economic Liberalism? Lessons from the 19th Century

What kind of challenge does economic nationalism pose to economic liberalism in today's global political economy? Conventional wisdom holds that economic nationalism is an outdated ideology in this age of globalization and economic liberalization. But this argument rests on understandings of economic nationalism that are increasingly being called into question by recent scholarship. In this article, I show how the history of economic nationalism in the 19th century provides strong support for two important but potentially controversial arguments made in recent literature about the nature of economic nationalism: (1) that this ideology is most properly defined by its nationalist content (rather than as a variant of realism or as an ideology of protectionism), and (2) that it can be associated with a wide range of policy projects, including the endorsement of liberal economic policies. With these two points established through historical analysis, I conclude that economic nationalism should be seen still to be a powerful ideology in the current period, but that its relationship to the policy goals of economic liberals is an ambiguous one, just as it was in the 19th century.     

俄罗斯的大国法治建设:现状、难题及发展趋势

俄罗斯正在积极建设具有俄罗斯特色的大国法治,建立强有力的国家权力,完善市场经济法律制度,重建收入分配制度,统一法治思想.由于俄罗斯的大国特性,无论是在法律制度上,还是在法治思想上,俄罗斯法治建设的难题还很多.当前"梅普组合"权力机制为俄罗斯法治建设的发展提供了契机,大国内部治理机制的法治化得到加强,与其他大国之间的经贸往来和制度建设不断扩大,新的理性而积极的法律意识有所增强.但俄罗斯要实现统一有效的大国法治目标并不容易,"梅普组合"政权面临着许多困难和挑战.     

Pursuing partnership: World Vision and the ideology of development - a case study

This paper examines the role of ideology in underpinning the operations of major development movements. As a confessional NGO, World Vision (WV) presents a useful case study; and this article examines the influence on this NGO of the interaction between ideology and wider development trends. It is argued that from roots in a specific cultural expression of Christianity-which enabled a highly focused and homogeneous ethos-WV's ideology has been transformed by growth and diversification into a fusion of mainstream Christianity and the pursuit of the concept of partnership; a process which underlines the role of development and geo-political forces constantly to challenge NGOs' self-image and strategic directions.     

Social development and informal markets: lessons from Thohoyandou market,South Africa

This article explores informal markets as spaces of socialisation. Informal markets are important given the increase in migrants seeking a better life in cities and the need to formulate appropriate development policies. The methodology used involved a literature study that focused on social adaptation, and fieldwork done at an informal market in South Africa. The results show that informal traders are able to adapt to difficult circumstances by using informal networks, and also that they can remain victims trapped in poverty if they accept their powerless situations.     

Violence,fear, and development in Latin America: a critical overview

This introduction presents the core concepts that shape this special issue on the impact of violence and the processes of development in Central and South America. The understanding of development is considered in terms broader than the economic context alone, in order to assess wider social and political aspects. With a similarly expansive scope, forms of violence are addressed that range from direct physical harm and bodily attack to the often more subtle aggression of racialised abuse or the pressures on community-centred production from dominant market forces. In these contexts, violence, economic initiatives, and political allegiances form unintended and often dangerous networks of consequence for development matters. All the articles in this volume exemplify further the spatial environments of violence and diverse ‘landscapes of fear’ that shape our existence and help to define our actions, territories, and understanding of what happens around us.     

Culture and women’s land rights on the ground in Uganda

In this article, culture as an ideology is contrasted to culture as a reality. The article aims to make a contribution to the study of land tenure rights in Uganda by using a cultural lens to discuss how women’s land rights are taking shape as regards changing inheritance practices and improving land use patterns through diversified projects. The evidence from the study villages demonstrates that women’s land rights are not only important for women as a category of people, but also for their immediate and extended families, and society at large.     

Developing small production and marketing enterprises: mushroom contract farming in Bangladesh

This article presents a case study of an activity implemented under the FAO component of the Local Partnerships for Urban Poverty Alleviation Project, funded by UNDP in Bangladesh. In Mymensingh city the project is linking poor urban dwellers with a niche market for oyster mushroom. This small enterprise activity appears to be sustainable, in that it develops agricultural production to cater for the specific demand of an existing small marketing enterprise. As long as the trader finds a market for his mushroom, he has an incentive to collaborate with the project beneficiaries who supply the produce. This model is thus an example of mutual benefit between extremely small landholders and a trader through the catalytic effect of a development project.     

中日两国忠孝观的比较

考察中日两国的忠孝观,会发现在看似相近的表象下隐藏着各自不同的伦理要素。这一对道德观念反映了两国不同的伦理体系及社会形态。忠、孝道德观念在两国的形成和发展过程中,反映出中日两国传统意识间的差异,以及社会形态的变化,对于正确认识中日两国意识形态的差异,有着重要的指导意义。     

Fighting the Jihad of the Pen: Countering Revolutionary Islam's Ideology

Al Qaeda's ideology is not new; their critique of the existing political and social order and vision for how to redeem the Muslim world builds on preexisting arguments of several 20th century predecessors who called for an Islamic revolution that would create a new order based on Islam. The persistence of revolutionary Islam suggests that these ideas need to be countered in order to strike at the root of the problem driving Islamically motivated terrorism and insurgency. U.S. efforts to defeat Al Qaeda, however, continue to focus primarily on killing or capturing the leadership, interdicting operations, and defensively bolstering the homeland and U.S. assets against various types of attacks. In order to confront Al Qaeda's ideology, U.S. efforts should focus on indirectly fostering “a market place of ideas”—the space and culture of questioning and debating—in order to challenge the grievances and solutions proposed by revolutionary Islam.     

Stakeholders’ relations and power dynamics in development cooperation: lessons learnt from Egypt

One of the key factors why international development cooperation programmes do not achieve sustainable results is their failure to respond to the dynamics of local stakeholders’ relations. This article highlights the case of a fruit and vegetable market in an informal area of Greater Cairo that was redeveloped by a programme supported by German International Cooperation. Although the market was developed using participatory methods, the vendors deserted it. Analysis reveals the conflicting interests of vendors and the district administration were reflected in divergent models of market operation. The paper recommends that development cooperation recognise the legitimacy of existing power structures and stakeholders’ relations.     

Harold Dwight lasswell (1902–1978): In memoriam

Abstract

This is a study of various aspects of Marxist‐Leninist propaganda, in terms of the problems encountered in this field by any extremist ideology and movement.

The nature of ideology is briefly analyzed in order to outline the basic problem faced by an ideology that claims to have the “only solution” to all of the world's problems: a built‐in gap between the ideology and reality that, with the passage of time, becomes more obvious and more embarrassing. Some techniques used by Marxist‐Leninist propaganda in order to solve this problem are then discussed, in particular the building of an imaginary mental environment for believers in the ideology that is in large measure based on a redefinition of part of the vocabulary. The use of redefined words as a cryptic, internal language by the initiated is also briefly discussed.

The parallel use of seemingly sophisticated arguments and of disinformation techniques, the peculiar, but frequently used, extremist debating style, the claims of a “scientifically derived” ideology, and the acceptance of apparent absurdities by those who have a psychological need to believe in them are, likewise, briefly analyzed. The paper also notes the susceptibility of many persons, particularly of many intellectuals, to Marxist‐Leninist propaganda and the indirect influence that, through their assistance, Marxist‐Leninists have been able to exercise in the Western World.     

民族心理、社会现代化与俄罗斯的政治转型——兼论俄罗斯政治发展的未来方向

本文首先从俄罗斯民族心理和社会现代化入手考察了俄罗斯20世纪90年代初政治转型的基础,然后从意识形态(非)政治化入手,分析了叶利钦时期的政治生态和普京时期政治稳定化背后的原因。结论认为,俄罗斯的民族心理和社会现代化水平在实质上对俄罗斯转型以来的政治发展进行了限定;意识形态的(非)政治化政治化分别适应了转型的需要和秩序重建的需要。俄罗斯民族心理通过意识形态政治化所表达出的群体信念在很大程度上决定着俄罗斯政治发展的未来方向。     

“Journalism ideology” and its influence on the producers of Radio Sonder Grense radio current affairs

In the same way that people can have a political or a personal ideology, their professional identities and how they practise a craft or an occupation may be influenced by what can be labelled as a “professional ideology”. Through conducting interviews with the producers of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Afrikaans radio programmes Monitor, Spektrum and Naweek-Aktueel, this article reports on research which showed that there is indeed such a thing as a “journalism ideology”. The interviews focused on how “internal influences” – such as a journalist's background and training, newsroom routines – and “external influences” – such as the audience – influenced the decisions they made in choosing news stories and producing content. This “journalism ideology” influences the producers and in turn the news content of these current affairs programmes that are listened to daily by almost two million listeners. The conclusion drawn from the study is that, although the participants’ “journalism ideology” largely determines the news stories for their programmes, structural forces, newsroom routines and organisational constraints often dictate their actions. Finally, although all the participants saw themselves as “watchdogs of democracy”, internal pressures within the SABC could endanger that role.     

加快制度创新完善东北老工业基地的要素市场

振兴东北老工业基地,是党中央、国务院继建设沿海经济特区、开发浦东新区和实施西部大开发战略之后又一重大战略举措。目前,东北经济的所有制结构仍以国有经济为主。国有经济在产品、价格等方面已进入了市场,但在深层的产权、资本、技术、人力等生产要素上,却未能与时俱进。东北地区的要素市场化程度低,特别是劳动力市场发育程度处于全国最低水平,这种状况已严重制约着东北的发展。因此,制度创新在降低东北要素市场交易费用中具有重要作用,只有强制性的制度供给才能改变东北地区制度供给不足的局面,才能真正提高东北劳动力市场、土地市场、资本市场、技术市场的市场化程度,实现东北老工业基地的振兴。     

蒙古“民主改革”十年述评

蒙古“民主改革”至今十年来,政治体制改革已经基本完成。多党存在和竞争的格局已经建立,政局发展将相对趋向平稳;经济上加速私有化,引发一系列社会矛盾,经济体制转轨步履维艰,经济复苏、发展充满荆棘;思想政治上推崇自由化,对蒙古人解放思想、放眼世界、更新观念起到一定作用,但各种意识形态泛滥,也造成民众无所适从,思想混乱。