试论“超越法律”的企业社会责任

"超越法律"的企业社会责任,是企业负担的那些超出法律强制性义务规定且符合社会价值和期望的责任,确认这种责任的法律规范实为"软法",它主要通过责任目标内化于企业的商业行为和治理结构之中,以实现企业的"自我管制";通过保护利益相关者的实质性和程序性权利,提高利益相关者的谈判抗衡力量以实现市场的自发对抗;并以声誉机制和非政府组织的作用作为责任的实施机制的补充。     

Reinforcing or Challenging Stigma? The Risks and Benefits of ‘Dignity Talk’ in Sex Work Discourse

The concept of ‘human dignity’ sits at the heart of international human rights law and a growing number of national constitutions and yet its meaning is heavily contested and contingent. I aim to supplement the theoretical literature on dignity by providing an empirical study of how the concept is used in the specific context of legal discourse on sex work. I will analyse jurisprudence in which commercial sex was declared as incompatible with human dignity, focussing on the South African Constitutional Court case of S v Jordan and the Indian Supreme Court case of Budhadev Karmaskar v State of West Bengal. I will consider how these courts conceptualise dignity and argue that their conclusions on the undignified nature of sex work are predicated on particular sexual norms that privilege emotional and relational intimacy. In light of the stigma faced by sex workers I will explore how a discourse, proclaiming sex work as beneath human dignity, may impact on the way that sex workers are perceived and represented culturally, arguing that it reinforces stigma. I will go on to examine how sex workers subvert the notion that commercial sex is undignified, and resist stigma, by campaigning for the right to sell sex with dignity. I will demonstrate that an alternative legal approach to dignity and sex work is possible, where the two are not considered as inherently incompatible, concluding with thoughts on the risks and benefits of using ‘dignity talk’ in activism and campaigns for sex work law reform.     

Born unto Brothels—Toward a Legal Ethnography of Sex Work in an Indian Red-Light Area

The global sex panic around sex work and trafficking has fostered prostitution law reform worldwide. While the normative status of sex work remains deeply contested, abolitionists and sex work advocates alike display an unwavering faith in the power of criminal law; for abolitionists, strictly enforced criminal laws can eliminate sex markets, whereas for sex work advocates, decriminalization can empower sex workers. I problematize both narratives by delineating the political economy and legal ethnography of Sonagachi, one of India's largest red-light areas. I show how within Sonagachi there exist highly internally differentiated groups of stakeholders, including sex workers, who, variously endowed by a plural rule network—consisting of formal legal rules, informal social norms, and market structures—routinely enter into bargains in the shadow of the criminal law whose outcomes cannot be determined a priori. I highlight the complex relationship between criminal law and sex markets by analyzing the distributional effects of criminalizing customers on Sonagachi's sex industry.     

The end of shareholder primacy in Indian corporate governance? Says who?!

The Indian Companies Act, 2013 has often been regarded as a ‘radical experiment with corporate purpose’, owing to its strong stakeholder orientation. Under Section 166(2), directors owe a fiduciary duty towards both shareholders and stakeholders, placed at the same level. The approach is pluralistic, without indicating a preference for one over the other. However, we argue that this stakeholder aspiration is limited to theoretical discourse. In terms of the committees that have been established to review Indian corporate law, and the subsequent amendments themselves, the purpose has been unidimensional: protection of shareholder interest. In practice, stakeholder interests do not feature.     

试论"超越法律"的企业社会责任

The corporate social responsibility “beyond law” is the responsibility of enterprises beyond the mandatory obligations by force of law but in line with social values and expectations. Indeed, the legal norms on such kind of responsibility are “soft law”, which mainly incorporate social values and expectations in corporate business behaviors and governance structure, so as to realize corporate “self-regulation”. By protecting the substantive and procedural rights of stakeholders and improving their negotiation power, the “soft law” aims at realizing the spontaneous confrontation and balance of the market, and the corporate reputation mechanism and the functions of NGOs adds much to the performance of corporate social responsibility. He Zhaodan, Economics Doctor of Sun Yat-Sen University, mostly focuses on Law and Economics. She has published six research articles in the academic journals of China.     

Competing Normative Frameworks and the Limits of Deterrence Theory: Comments on Baker and Griffith's Ensuring Corporate Misconduct

This essay reviews the contributions to deterrence theory that Tom Baker and Sean Griffith make in Ensuring Corporate Misconduct (2010) and argues that their work highlights the limits of deterrence theory for shaping corporate conduct. Baker and Griffith extend the deterrence framework to account for the mediating effect of third‐party institutions, like insurers, on deterrence calculations, and they suggest how corporate governance decisions, such as what type of insurance coverage to purchase, encode signals about corporations' compliance motivations and capacity. Although these insights might prove useful for enhancing the efficacy of deterrence regimes aimed at white‐collar crime and other types of corporate misconduct, they suggest the difficulty of shaping corporate conduct that is influenced not only by the norms embodied in securities law, but also by the alternative normative system of shareholder value maximization. I discuss the failure of deterrence theory to address adequately noncompliant behavior that springs not solely from material self‐interest, but from adherence to an alternative set of norms, and I explore the possibility of viewing corporate compliance as a norm‐change project.     

Revisiting the duty of care of the nonprofit director

The current corporate responsibility environment has prompted interested stakeholders, including legislators and state charity law officials, to more closely evaluate what constitutes the proper exercise of the "duty of care" by the director of a nonprofit corporation. The authors review recent developments affecting duty-of-care obligations and conclude that corporate responsibility and related concepts are likely to require directors to give greater consideration to the exercise of their "oversight" obligations as subsumed within the duty of care. The Article identifies a number of recent instances in which state charity law officials and other third parties have raised issues associated with the proper exercise of directors' oversight obligation, and concludes that directors of nonprofits will require greater counseling on their duty-of-care obligations in order to reduce their liability profile in an increasingly contentious environment.     

论中国公司法的供给侧结构性改革——兼论中国公司法的“服务型”转向

无论是从公司合同主义的理论解说路径出发,还是从优化营商环境改革的实践背景切入,甚或是从商主体治理的制度诉求出发,公司法的基本定位都应当是"服务型"的。以"服务品质"为标准重新检视中国公司法,我们会发现其至少存在"知识源"供给不均衡、公司合同范本"老化"以及过于依赖后置型公司合同"漏洞"填补机制三个层面的问题。这意味着中国公司法需要进行一场深入的供给侧结构性改革。通过引入与更新立法"知识源"、缺省性规范增量扩容、公司法规范的清单式指引设计、程序性规则体系化完善,以及构建创新导向型公司法基础规则、以信息信用为核心统筹公司信用监管体系、打造有助于投资而非投机的公司金融规则等举措,提升中国公司法在私人治理和国家战略两个维度上的服务品质。     

Habermas and Deleuze on Law and Adjudication

This article stages an encounter between Habermas and Deleuze on law, rights, and adjudication. Most of the article is spent developing Habermas’s concept of adjudication as the application of communicatively generated norms. This application, I argue, involves a complex temporality that is at once retrospective and non-creative. Deleuze is used to critique this concept of adjudication in favor of one based on concrete situations and the creation of new problems. In so doing, I will develop Deleuze’s notorious, and notoriously hostile, remarks on human rights and philosophies of communication by relating them to discourse ethics and to the positive conception of law and judgment that can be drawn from his work.

Bargaining in the Shadow of Social Institutions: Competing Discourses and Social Change in Workplace Mobilization of Civil Rights

The Family and Medical Leave Act requires employers to provide job-protected leave, but little is known about how these leave rights operate in practice or how they interact with other normative systems to construct the meaning of leave. Drawing on interviews with workers who negotiated contested leaves, this study examines how social institutions influence workplace mobilization of these rights. I find that leave rights remain embedded within institutionalized conceptions of work, gender, and disability that shape workers' perceptions, preferences, and choices about mobilizing their rights. I also find, however, that workers can draw on law as a culture discourse to challenge these assumptions, to build coalitions, and to renegotiate the meaning of leave.     

拓宽公司法人格否认诉求主体之范围——强化公司社会责任的最佳途径

我国现行《公司法》中明确规定了债权人可以作为诉求主体启动公司法人格否认制度。但国内学界对于公司法人格否认诉求主体的范围存在着争议。在营利性与社会性并存的现代公司中,该制度尚未能满足对利益相关者的法律保护。国外公司立法实践表明了公司法人格否认诉求主体范围不仅应包含债权人,债权人以外的其他利益相关者也可以作为诉求主体启动公司法人格否认制度。而拓宽公司法人格否认诉求主体的范围又是强化公司社会责任的最佳途径。     

论公司治理中的职工参与制——以经济民主的视角

完善公司法人治理结构是公司法领域的热点话题，国内法学家、经济学家对其论述颇多，其中职工参与公司治理的问题在近年来引起了学者的广泛关注。我国应以经济民主的视角，参考西方国家公司公司治理中贯彻经济民主的实践，构建中国本土特色的职工参与公司治理制度，完善我国立法，鼓励并保障公司职工积极参与公司治理。     

中国行政刑法的立法缺憾与改进

行政刑法之概念为德国学者所首创,但在不同国家有着不同的内涵与外延.中国的行政刑法是指国家为了维护正常的行政管理活动,实现行政管理目的,规定行政犯罪及其刑事责任的法律规范和劳动教养法律规范的总称.中国的行政刑法立法存在着缺乏与一般行政法条款衔接、缺乏行政违法责任与行政犯罪责任竞合的明确规定、法定刑设置过高、对于法人犯罪的刑罚措施过于单一、劳动教养制度弊端丛生等诸多问题,需要相应地加以改进.认为应当在立法上对行政刑法和行政法规范进行衔接、明确行政违法责任与行政犯罪责任竞合的处理方法、降低行政犯罪的法定刑并废止其死刑、增加对于法人犯罪的刑罚措施并将劳动教养制度司法化.     

Discourse Ethics and the Legitimacy of Law

Abstract. The reconstructive theory of the procedural legitimacy of modern law developed on the basis of the theory of discourse ethics has limited itself solely to the deontological, moral-normative aspects of the validity claims of legal norms and judgments. However, teleological and axiological aspects are also intertwined with legal validity claims and with the procedures in which legal norms and judgments are produced. The discursive-procedural concept of legitimacy seems to require as its support, instead of the theory of discourse ethics, a general theory of practical discourses or, more generally, of rational collective will-formation.     

Probing the Depths of the Responsible Corporate Officer’s Duty

Many criminal law scholars have criticized the responsible corporate officer doctrine as a form of strict and vicarious liability. It is neither. It is merely a doctrine that supplies a duty in instances of omissions. Siding with Todd Aagaard in this debate, I argue that a proper reading of the cases yields that the responsible corporate officer doctrine is just duty supplying, and does not allow for strict liability when the underlying statute requires mens rea. After analyzing Dotterweich, Park, and their progeny, I probe the depths of this duty-supplying doctrine, including to whom the duty is owed, whether the duty is grounded in statute, cause of peril, or contract, and what the content of the duty is. Although the responsible corporate officer doctrine unveils questions we may have about duty generally, it is no more problematic than other duty-supplying doctrines in the criminal law.     

破产重整公司治理结构逻辑分析——以利益相关者间利益冲突为视角

当公司财务状况恶化、经营状态不佳,面临严重经营危机时,利益相关者在不同目标函数的驱动下,其利益冲突样态也发生变动,"股东—债权人"等利益相关者之间利益冲突尤为明显。利益冲突根源在于公司控制权的配置,立法机关应重新审视我国企业破产法中的相关规定,探究其存在的制度缺陷,在此基础上以重整控制权在利益相关者之间的合理配置为核心重构破产重整中公司的治理结构。     

Patterns of Courtroom Justice

Any one film can sustain a myriad of compelling intepretations. A collection of films, however, sharing formal and substantive qualities, reveals a common effect more than a diversity of meanings. This essay traces the shared formal and substantive qualities of a group of films, as I name them ‘trial films’. It documents this genre of film by identifying the genre’s norms of viewing and identification. It also investigates peculiar hybrid discourse of the trial film genre that combines both filmic and legal discursive practices to show how trial films cultivate support for the American system of law through its constitution of a specific viewing audience. In so doing, I broach the following questions: how do images of law in film help sustain the power and legitimacy of legal institutions? How does the study of film genres, like the courtroom drama, reveal the way law lives beyond its formal processes?     

Iniuria Migrandi: Criminalization of Immigrants and the Basic Principles of the Criminal Law

In this paper I am specifically concerned with a normative assessment, from the perspective of a principled criminal law theory, of norms criminalizing illegal immigration. The overarching question I will dwell on is one specifically regarding the way of using criminal law which is implied in the enactment of such kinds of norms. My thesis will essentially be that it constitutes a veritable abuse of criminal law. In two senses at least: first, in the sense that by criminalizing illegal immigration criminal law puts a ban on (certain categories of) persons, rather than on their actions/omissions, in a way in which a principled criminal law should not do; and—second—in the sense that the criminalization of illegal immigrants represents a perversion of the criminal law, being a case in which criminal norms are (unjustifiably) used as means to attain extrapenal aims.     

Event Studies and the Law: Part II: Empirical Studies of Corporate Law

This article is the second part of a review of the event studymethodology, which has proved to be one of the most successfuluses of econometrics in policy analysis. In this part we focuson the methodology's application to corporate law and corporategovernance issues. Event studies have played an important rolein the making of corporate law and in corporate law scholarship.The reason for this input is twofold. First, there is a matchbetween the methodology and subject matter: the goal of corporatelaw is to increase shareholder wealth, and event studies providea metric for measurement of the impact upon stock prices ofpolicy decisions. Second, because the participants in corporatelaw debates share the objective of corporate law, to adopt policiesthat enhance shareholder wealth, their disagreements are overthe means to achieve that end. Hence, the discourse can be empiricallyinformed. The article concludes by sketching the methodology'suse in evaluating the economic effects of regulation. Whileevent studies' usefulness for policy analysis is by now familiarin the corporate law setting, we hope that our two-part reviewwill suggest appropriate applications to other fields of law.