大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后ASCT2 mRNA的表达变化

目的应用实时定量PCR技术检测大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后细胞中性氨基酸载体ASCT2 mRNA表达,分析其与挫伤时间的关系。方法建立大鼠骨骼肌挫伤模型,分别取伤后4、8、12、16、20、24、28、32 h及对照组检材。提取总RNA,逆转录合成第一链的cDNA,以RPL13为内参基因进行荧光定量检测,采用2-△△Ct法比较其与对照组肌肉组织中ASCT2 mRNA的相对表达量。结果损伤组肌肉组织中ASCT2 mRNA在挫伤后12、16h表达量分别为对照组的196.40%和189.15%,损伤后4、8、20、24、28、32h ASCT2 mRNA表达量与对照组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05),说明ASCT2 mRNA在损伤12～16h其表达量较正常组及其他损伤时间组要高,而在损伤20h以后ASCT2 mRNA表达量又降至正常水平。结论大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后32h之内ASCT2 mRNA的表达有一定的时间规律性,可望作为推断骨骼肌损伤时间的指标之一。     

大鼠脑挫伤后NTE与COX-2表达随时间的变化

目的观察大鼠脑挫伤后脑组织NTE和COX-2的表达变化，并评价其法医学的意义。方法健康SD大鼠48只，随机分成正常对照组、手术对照组、挫伤组（按挫伤后处死时间再分为lh、12h、1d、3d、7d、14d共6个组）每组6只。以自由落体撞击法制作脑挫裂伤模型；应用免疫组化方法检测COX-2和NTE在脑组织中的表达情况；用SPSS13．0软件分析COX-2和NTE的表达情况与脑挫伤后存活时间的相关性。结果正常对照组和假手术绢NTE和COX-2均呈低水平表达，脯挫伤组伤后NTE和COX-2表达逐渐增强，均于1d达到高峰，至14d时COX-2表达降至正常对照组水平，而NTE仍高于正常对照组水平；挫伤各组与正常对照组比较，除1h组灰度值无统计学差异（P〉0．05）外，其余各组均有明显差异（P〈0．01）。结论脑挫伤后脑组织NTE和COX-2的表达均呈现先增强后下降的趋势，其表达规律有望为脑挫伤诊断及损伤时间推断提供参考。     

大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后Fzd2表达与损伤时间的关系

目的检测大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后卷曲受体蛋白2(frizzled-2,Fzd2)mRNA及其蛋白表达量与损伤时间的关系,探讨其是否可以作为损伤时间推断的指标。方法利用RT-qPCR和Western印迹法检测正常对照组及损伤后4~48 h每4 h大鼠骨骼肌中Fzd2 mRNA和蛋白水平的表达量。结果 Fzd2 mRNA在损伤后24 h、36 h、40 h相对表达量增高,24 h组表达量达正常对照组的两倍(P0.05);而Fzd2蛋白在损伤后相对表达量变化不明显(P0.05)。结论大鼠骨骼肌损伤后Fzd2 mRNA在一定时间内的表达变化情况可以作为多指标联合推断损伤时间的依据。     

Cutaneous (tPA) and Skeletal (TnI) mRNA as Markers of Aging in Contused Wound

Wound age estimation is one of the most important forensic aspects. Troponin I (TnI) and many cytokines, for example, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are involved in wound inflammation and healing. Skeletal (TnI) and cutaneous (tPA) mRNA was detected using real‐time PCR in 25 female albino rats. They were divided into 5 groups: control and 4 injured groups. Injured groups were sacrificed 1, 6, 24, and 30 h after inflicting contused wound. The expression levels of cutaneous (tPA) were decreased significantly at 1, 6, and 30 h after contusion (71.7%, 30.7 and 16.9%), while the expression levels of skeletal (TnI) were increased significantly at 1 and 6 h post‐traumatic, then they gradually decreased until reaching normal levels at 24 h and assumed significantly lower levels at 30 h postcontusion. These results suggested that the determination of cutaneous (tPA) and skeletal (TnI) mRNA levels was useful for wound age estimation.     

大鼠皮肤挫伤后NF-κB mRNA表达与损伤时间关系

目的应用实时定量PCR技术检测大鼠皮肤挫伤后NF-κB mRNA时序性表达规律，分析其与损伤时间的关系。方法制备大鼠皮肤挫伤模型，于伤后0．5，1，6，12，18，24，30h取材，一步法提取总RNA，检测其完整性和浓度，按照0．4μg总RNA量逆转录合成第一链cDNA，以rlp32为内参基因进行荧光定量检测，采用△Ct法比较其与正常皮肤组织NF-κB mRNA表达的倍数关系。结果皮肤挫伤组织中NF-κB mRNA伤后0．5h表达显著增强（P〈0．05），6h出现高峰，12h降至正常水平，随后略有回升。结论大鼠皮肤挫伤组织NF-κB mRNA的表达，随着损伤经过时间的延长呈规律性变化。     

大鼠骨骼肌损伤修复中FZD4时序性变化及其应用

目的以卷曲受体4(FZD4)为例,探索细胞膜上受体蛋白的表达变化能否作为损伤时间推断的指标。方法 78只大鼠随机分为对照组和损伤后4h、8h、12h、16h、20h、24h、28h、32h、36h、40h、44h和48 h组(n=6)。麻醉后,采用重力锤自由落体方式砸伤大鼠右后肢,取股四头肌处挫伤的组织。应用免疫荧光、real-time PCR和western blotting方法检测肌肉中FZD4蛋白及m RNA的表达量。结果免疫荧光结果显示FZD4表达于骨骼肌细胞膜上,胞浆和细胞核内均未见表达;Real-time PCR结果表明FZD4 m RNA在损伤后8h、12h、36h和40h显著上调(P0.05),均超过对照组的两倍;Western blotting结果示FZD4蛋白的表达在8h、36h、40h、44h和48h组明显增加(P0.05),但均未超过对照组的两倍。结论 FZD4 m RNA和蛋白在肌肉挫伤后呈时序性变化规律可作为损伤时间推断的指标,在一定程度上FZD4 m RNA比FZD4更适用于损伤时间推断。     

大鼠皮肤和肌肉挫伤后细胞间黏附分子-1mRNA表达变化

目的应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测大鼠皮肤和肌肉挫伤后组织中细胞间黏附分子－1（intercellular adhesion molecular－1，ICAM－1）mRNA的表达．分析其与损伤时间的关系。方法制备大鼠挫伤模型，于伤后0．5、l、6、12、18、24和30h取材，一步法提取总RNA，检测其完整性和质量浓度，逆转录合成第一链cDNA，以rpl32为内参基因进行荧光定量检测，采用△△Ct法比较其与正常皮肤、肌肉组织中ICAM－1mRNA表达的倍数关系。结果皮肤挫伤后ICAM－1mRNA的表达0．5h达到峰值，24h下降至正常对照组的7倍．随后再次升高：在肌肉组织中于损伤后0．5h表达显著增强，6h达到峰值，18h降至最低后再次升高。结论大鼠皮肤、肌肉挫伤后ICAM－1mRNA表达随损伤时间呈规律性变化，可望用于早期损伤时间推断。     

大鼠撞击性肝挫伤后MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白时序性表达

目的观察大鼠撞击性肝挫伤后不同时间肝组织中基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)-2和MMP-9的蛋白表达规律。方法选取健康成年雄性SD大鼠50只,随机平均分入对照组和伤后1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h、3 d、5 d、7 d组。采用自由落体撞击法建立大鼠肝挫伤模型,在相应时间点处死大鼠,提取挫伤的肝叶,运用免疫组织化学染色法(SP法)和Western印迹法观察各组大鼠肝组织内MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白表达情况。结果肝挫伤后,阳性细胞表达和蛋白半定量结果显示:MMP-2在伤后6 h表达开始增强,24 h达到峰值,3~5 d逐渐下降,7 d时接近正常水平,损伤6 h后各组(除18 h组)与相邻上组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);MMP-9在伤后1 h即明显上升,18 h达到高峰,3~7 d时逐渐下调,但仍高于对照组,伤后各组(除12 h、24 h组)与相邻上组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白表达在撞击性肝挫伤组织中有较好的时序性,有望作为肝挫伤的时间推断的参考指标。     

大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后细胞间黏附分子-1mRNA表达变化

目的应用荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH）技术检测大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后细胞间黏附分子-1（intercellular adhesion molecular—1,ICAM-1）mRNA表达。分析其与挫伤时间的关系。方法建立大鼠骨骼肌挫伤模型．分别取伤后0．5、1、6、12、18、24、30h及对照组检材。检材冰冻切片后进行FISH．激光共聚焦显微镜观察。结果大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后ICAM-1mRNA的表达6h达到峰值,18h下降至对照组的3．46倍．随后继续升高。结论大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后30h内ICAM—1mRNA的表达有一定的时间规律性．可望作为推断骨骼肌早期损伤时间的指标之一。     

金属硫蛋白1A和2A的mRNA时序性表达(英文)

目的研究大鼠肌肉挫伤后金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)1A m RNA、MT2A m RNA的时序性表达。方法 54只SD大鼠被分成挫伤组(挫伤后0.5、1、6、12、18、24、30和36 h组各6只)和对照组(6只)。所有总RNA均取自大鼠的骨骼肌。利用SYBR GreenⅠ法进行RT-q PCR检测大鼠挫伤骨骼肌中MT1A m RNA、MT2A m RNA的相对表达量。结果 MT1A m RNA、MT2A m RNA在损伤后的变化趋势与损伤时间具有一定的相关性。除了挫伤后0.5 h组外,其余各组MT1A m RNA、MT2A m RNA的表达量与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。损伤后1 h、6 h、12 h、18 h MT1A m RNA和MT2A m RNA的相对表达量呈现逐渐上升的趋势,在18 h时达到了峰值,分别为对照组的(239.41±15.20)倍和(717.42±50.76)倍;损伤后24 h时两者的表达量均明显减少;损伤后30 h再次上升,随后下降。结论 MT1A m RNA、MT2A m RNA可能对损伤时间推断有一定的意义。     

Determination of Acetamiprid and IM‐1‐2 in PostMortem Human Blood,Liver, Stomach Contents by HPLC‐DAD

An HPLC‐DAD method was developed to detect and quantify a neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid (ATP) and its metabolite IM‐1‐2 in autopsy samples of a fatal intoxication case. The postmortem blood and tissue distribution of ATP and IM‐1‐2 was determined for the first time. The method showed acceptable precisions and recoveries with relative standard deviations of <10% for ATP level and 1.38 % for IM‐1‐2. The detection and quantification limits for ATP were 0.015 μg/mL and 0.030 μg/mL for blood and were 0.035 μg/g and 0.050 μg/g for liver samples, respectively. The mean contents of ATP were 0.79 μg/g in the liver, 47.35 μg/g in the stomach contents and 2.7 μg/mL in the blood. IM‐1‐2 content was 17.0 μg/g in the stomach contents. ATP and IM‐1‐2 were not detected in the urine. The presence of ATP and IM‐1‐2 in the samples was confirmed by GC‐MS. The method can be exploited in future forensic casework.     

Forensic Potential of MMPs and CC Chemokines for Wound Age Determination

In this study, we investigated time-dependent expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, chemokine CC motif ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-3, CCL-5, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA at the skin injury site and sought their forensic potentials during the skin wound repair process. The tested wound ages in 42 mouse skin wounds were distributed at 0d, 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 10d, and 14d, respectively and then followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Ultimately, MMP-2 played an important role in the inflammation phase. On the contrary, MMP-9 became involved at a later phase during wound healing. Meanwhile, CCL-2 and CCL-3 were active throughout almost all of the process. However, CCL-5 mRNA had no significance. Collectively, an MMP-9/MMP-2 ratio of over 0.84 indicated that skin wound healing age was strongly 5 days or less. So elevated gene expressions of cytokines and chemokines in different phases of wound ages implied that combined exploration could make wound age determination more accurate and objective.     

大鼠挫伤肺组织中水通道蛋白1表达变化

目的探讨水通道蛋白1（aquaproin 1,AQP1）在大鼠挫伤肺组织中的表达变化及其与肺水肿的关系。方法将SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,制备肺挫伤模型,用免疫组织化学方法检测肺组织中AQP1的分布和表达变化。结果肺挫伤后1和3h肺组织出现水肿、出血,炎性细胞浸润,5h炎性反应进一步加重。AQP1表达在挫伤后1、3和5h均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,随着伤后时间延长,水肿加重,AQP1持续上升。正常AQP1主要分布在支气管和肺泡壁的毛细血管内皮细胞及间质细胞,挫伤后肺AQP1的表达部位未发生改变,但积分光密度值（intergrated optical density,IOD）差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论挫伤肺组织可能存在AQPs的基因表达调控失衡,导致大量水的异常跨膜转运以及在肺组织中的异常聚集,这可能是挫伤肺组织水肿形成原因之一。     

A New Index for the MMPI‐2 Test for Detecting Dissimulation in Forensic Evaluations: A Pilot Study

This pilot study is the starting point of a potentially broad research project aimed at identifying new strategies for assessing malingering during forensic evaluations. The forensic group was comprised of 67 males who were seeking some sort of certification (e.g., adoption, child custody, driver's license, issuance of gun permits, etc.); the nonforensic group was comprised of 62 healthy male volunteers. Each participant was administered the MMPI‐2. Statistical analyses were conducted on obtained scores of 48 MMPI‐2 scales. In the first step, parametric statistics were adopted to identify the best combination of MMPI‐2 scales that differentiated the two groups of participants. In the second step, frequency‐based, nonparametric methods were used for diagnostic purposes. Results: A model that utilized the best three predictors (“7‐Pt”, “L,” and “1‐Hs”) was developed and used to calculate the Forensic Evaluation Dissimulation Index (FEDI), which features satisfactory diagnostic accuracy (0.9), sensitivity (0.82), specificity (0.81), and likelihood ratio indices (LR+ = 4.32; LR? = 0.22).     

大鼠骨骼肌挫伤愈合过程中caspase-3的表达及时间规律

目的观察大鼠骨骼肌挫伤愈合过程中,caspase-3的表达及其变化规律。方法制作大鼠右小腿骨骼肌挫伤模型,应用免疫组织化学法、Western blot法及caspase-3活性测定法对不同时间段大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后caspase-3表达进行检测。结果免疫组织化学及Western blot均显示,挫伤周边区caspase-3的活性随时间延长逐渐升高,5d时达最高峰,随后活性逐渐下降。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,伤后3～5d挫伤处坏死的骨骼肌细胞被清除干净,新形成的肌细胞大量增生,且新形成的肌细胞胞浆内有caspase-3表达;损伤后7～14d,新形成的肌细胞内仍然有caspase-3的阳性表达。结论大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后,挫伤周边骨骼肌表达caspase-3有一定的时间规律性,可望作为推断骨骼肌挫伤时间的指标之一;大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后,新形成的肌细胞表达caspase-3,提示caspase-3可能在骨骼肌分化过程中起重要作用。     

Experimental Study on the Postmortem Redistribution of the Substituted Phenethylamine, 25B‐NBOMe

2‐(4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B‐NBOMe) is a substituted phenethylamine, which has become highly prevalent worldwide since 2014. Recently, in an autopsy case involving fatal 25B‐NBOMe intoxication, we found the postmortem increase of 25B‐NBOMe concentration in the cardiac blood approximately 2 days after death. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of 25B‐NBOMe and reproduce the postmortem redistribution using a rat model. Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 25B‐NBOMe (0.5 mg/kg) and left for 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, or 24 h (six rats at each time point). Postmortem 25B‐NBOMe concentrations in the cardiac blood increased by more than 10‐fold at 6‐h postmortem. 25B‐NBOMe accumulated primarily in the lung. Moreover, this postmortem redistribution occurred even in rats that had died 1 week following the 25B‐NBOMe administration. These findings indicate that attention should be paid to sample collection and data interpretation in the toxicological analysis of 25B‐NBOMe.     

Synthesis and Analysis of Glucuronic Acid‐Conjugated Metabolites of 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐Dimethoxyphenethylamine

In the study reported here, two glucuronic acid‐conjugated metabolites of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B)—a ring‐substituted psychoactive phenethylamine—were chemically synthesized for the first time and a method for analyzing them in urine was developed. β‐D‐Glucuronide of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylethylalcohol was successfully synthesized using methyl 2,3,4‐tri‐Ο‐acetyl‐1‐O‐(trichloroacetimidoyl)‐α‐D‐glucuronate as a glucuronyl donor and boron trifluoride diethylether complex as a Lewis acid catalyst. β‐D‐Glucuronide of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid was synthesized by condensing 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid and benzyl D‐glucuronate followed by benzyl group deprotection based on catalytic hydrogenation. Two glucuronic acid‐conjugated metabolites of 2C‐B in urine were qualitatively and semiquantitatively evaluated via direct liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of a diluted urine sample. The simple method proposed is expected to be useful for studying the metabolic fate of 2C‐B.     

大鼠脑挫伤后NF．κBmRNA表达规律的研究

目的应用实时定量PCR技术榆测大鼠脑挫伤后脑组织中NF—κBmRNA的时序性表达规律。方法 Wistar大鼠64只,随机分为1个对照组和7个实验组,每组8只。建立大鼠脑挫伤模型,于伤后0．5h、6h、12h、1d、3d、7d及14d取材,一步法提取总RNA,检测其完整性和浓度,按照0．4“g总RNA量逆转录合成第一链eDNA,以RPL32为参比基因进行荧光定量检测,采用△Ct法比较其与对照组脑组织中NF—κBmRNA表达的倍数关系。结果NF-κBmRNA的表达于脑挫伤后呈现先增高后下降的表达规律,0．5h升高,为对照组的9．190倍,伤后12h升至最高,为对照组的13．40倍,随后开始下降,至伤后14d时仍维持较高水平,为对照组的2．585倍。结论大鼠脑挫伤后脑组织中NF—RBmRNA的表达随着损伤时间呈现先增高后降低的规律性变化,可望作为推断早期脑挫伤的客观指标之一。     

大鼠闭合性脑损伤后MAP-2的时序性表达

目的探讨大鼠闭合性颅脑损伤后脑组织微管相关蛋门－2（MAP－2）表达变化规律。方法建立大鼠闭合性颅脯挫伤模型,64只Wistar大鼠随机分为损伤后0．5h、6h、12h、ld、3d、7d、14d7个损伤组及对照组,每组8只。应用免疫组化和蛋h印记Western blot法及图像分析技术,检测脑挫伤后各设定时间点挫伤脯组织中MAP－2的变化。结果免疫纽化染色显示：对照组大鼠脑组织中可见MAP－2阳性表达;实验组伤后0．5h,挫伤灶及周同MAP－2阳性表达下降,伤后6h阳性表达降至最低,伤后12h,阳性表达逐渐增多,伤后14d,仍保持较高水平;蛋白印记结果与免疫组化结果一致。统计学分析显爪：MAP－2的表达各损伤组与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,伤后12h、3d及14d与上…组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论大鼠脑挫伤后14d内,MAP－2存脑组织挫伤灶及其周同呈现先减少后逐渐增多的表达变化,可作为推断脑挫伤经过时间的参考指标之一。     

Three‐Dimensional Comparative Analysis of Bitemarks*

Abstract: Historically, the inability to accurately represent bitemarks and other wound patterns has limited their evidentiary value. The development of the ABFO #2 scale by Krauss and Hyzer enabled forensic odontologists to correct for most photographic plane distortions. The technique presented here uses the ABFO #2 scale in conjunction with the evolving technologies of laser scanners and comparative software commonly used by the automobile industry for three‐dimensional (3D) analysis. The 3D software comparison was performed in which measurements were analyzed of the normal distance for each point on the teeth relative to the bitemarks. It created a color‐mapped display of the bitemark model, with the color indicating the deviation at each point. There was a correlation between the bitemark and the original teeth.