胫腓骨骨折对踝关节功能的影响(附69例报告)

在法医学鉴定中,胫腓骨骨折比较常见.本文从近几年两家中级法院所鉴定的1 559件案件中,选择69例胫腓骨骨折对踝关节功能影响的法医学鉴定案例进行分析,讨论如何评定踝关节功能.     

骨质疏松症外伤后骨折的法医学鉴定

法医学鉴定中,骨折是常见的损伤类型。人体骨骼健康者因外伤而发生骨折较易诊断和鉴定,而骨质疏松症患者外伤伤后骨折的案件一直是鉴定的难点,究竟是直接依据条款评定,还是不予评定亦或者依据条款降级评定,容易引起很大争议。因此,法医学鉴定人不断探索,希望能找到可量化伤病关系分析的方法和评价标准,更好地体现司法鉴定的公平、公正,为该类案件的司法审判提供客观、可靠的科学证据。基于此,通过对骨质疏松症的主要诊断指标和医学、法医学观点及法医学评定原则、方法等方面进行阐述,为同行对该类案件的鉴定及科学研究提供参考。     

CT技术的应用对鼻区骨折法医学鉴定意见的影响

目的 探讨CT技术的应用对鼻区骨折法医学鉴定的影响,发现现行鉴定标准存在的问题提出修订意见.方法 运用x2检验比较两个不同时期分别以X线和CT为主要鉴定依据评定为轻伤的案件,探究医学放射影像检查技术对鼻区骨折鉴定意见的影响程度.结果 发现CT技术对鼻区骨折的鉴定结果的影响,与X线比较,其差异有统计学意义,并暴露出基于X线影像技术的鼻骨损伤鉴定标准条款不再适应目前鉴定实践状况的问题.结论 在CT技术广泛应用后,现行的鼻骨损伤鉴定标准条款不能很好地适应医学发展,有必要重新制定基于CT技术的鼻区骨折鉴定标准.     

眼眶骨折的影像学诊断及法医学评定

在眼眶骨折的法医学鉴定中常常出现漏诊和误诊。目前影像学技术在研究眼眶骨折的法医学特点和评价外伤的严重程度中有重要的意义。本文综述了眼眶骨折的分类、发病机制和影像学诊断的特点,对于眼眶骨折的法医学评价和鉴定有较好的帮助。     

骨密度测定在外伤后骨折法医临床学鉴定中的意义

目的测定外伤后骨折者的骨密度,探讨骨折鉴定中骨质疏松和外伤的关系。方法应用双能X线骨密度吸收仪进行骨密度测定,参照世界卫生组织制定的骨质疏松症诊断标准和外伤参与度评定的一般原理,对15例外伤后骨折者的临床法医学鉴定进行分析。结果15例伤者:男6例,女9例,年龄在43~85岁之间;骨密度值在0.354~1.067 g/cm2之间;7例诊断骨质疏松症,外伤参与度为50%,其中5例评定为轻微伤,2例评定为轻伤;其余8例均为骨量减少,评定为轻伤。结论骨密度测量可预测骨折危险性,有助于骨折临床法医学鉴定的伤病关系分析。     

根据长骨线性骨折愈合X线表现与骨折时间推算

在法医临床学鉴定中，因车祸、高坠及伤害等导致的肢体骨折日渐增多，都涉及到对骨折时间的法医学鉴定。本研究选择不同年龄人体长骨线性骨折的X线片进行观察和分析，得到不同年龄人体长骨愈合的影像数据并进行统计学处理，为根据长骨线性骨折X片表现推断骨折时间的法医学鉴定提供数据支持，初步探讨根据骨折X片表现推断骨折时间的方法。     

静脉血栓形成的法医学鉴定（附4例分析）

外伤直接导致血管损伤的法医学鉴定并不少见,对此根据外伤史、病历记录和检查可以做出明确的损伤程度和伤残等级评定.但是涉及继发于外伤、手术等情况的静脉血栓形成的法医学鉴定报道较少,而且鉴定有一定难度.本文试图通过4个具体鉴定案例,探讨此类法医学鉴定的特点和难点.     

二分髌骨影像学征象及其法医学意义

二分髌骨较罕见,系因青春期二个或多个髌骨骨化中心(化骨核)未融合而形成,临床误诊为骨折的屡有报道。为提高对二分髌骨影像征象的认识,避免法医学鉴定失误,现分析行法医学鉴定的3例二分髌骨资料并结合文献,阐述其形成原因、组织学变化、影像学征象及临床症状体征。3例被鉴定人均为成年,因膝关节外伤后出现膝部疼痛,曾被医疗单位诊断为髌骨骨折,委托损伤鉴定2例,伤残评定1例。依据Saupe’s分型法,其中Ⅲ型2例,Ⅱ型加Ⅲ型1例。在法医学鉴定实践中,熟知二分髌骨影像学征象并与髌骨骨折鉴别,可确保鉴定结论的客观、准确。     

法医断口学理论和实践——骨折表面特征及其与裂纹扩展关系的分析

断口学理论和技术可以运用于刑事犯罪现场勘查和法医学鉴定，由此形成了法医断口学，利用骨折断面/断口特征分析其形成机制。骨折断口的重要特征包括骨镜和骨褶皱，可以观察到外力引起的经向裂纹、环状裂纹和锥形裂纹及裂纹分支，同时还可以观察到弓形线、止裂嵴、尾迹毛刺、悬臂式卷曲等，据此判断骨折的起点和终点，由此推断骨折的发生机制、致伤原因、致伤物等重要的法医学信息。     

50例指骨骨折的法医学鉴定

目的研究指骨骨折的法医学鉴定特点,探讨如何综合运用临床病历、影像学及法医检查资料对指骨骨折进行法医学鉴定。方法收集2009—2011年进行法医学鉴定的50例指骨骨折,对伤者一般情况、骨折部位分布、骨折形态、致伤物及鉴定结果等进行回顾性分析。结果指骨骨折以男性中青年居多,骨折部位以食指和远节指骨为多见,左、右手指骨骨折数无差异。致伤物以刀械类、棍棒类为多见,其次为砖石类。结论致伤物及致伤方式与骨折形态、部位分布及损伤程度均有一定关系,综合分析对指骨骨折的法医学鉴定有一定的帮助。     

骨折误诊漏诊的临床法医学研究(附56例分析)

目的　探讨骨折误诊漏诊的临床法医学特点 ,提高正确诊断 ,鉴定骨折的能力。　方法　收集 5 6例骨折误诊漏诊的案例 ,对骨折误诊漏诊的原因及特点进行回顾性研究。　结果　发现骨折误诊漏诊的主要原因是 :(1)对骨骼的正常解剖、变异不够熟悉 ;(2 )对骨的某些病理生理变化不认识 ;(3)拍片技术及检查方法不当 ;(4 )与诊断者业务素质有关 ;(5 )主观因素。　结论　熟悉骨折误诊漏诊的临床法医学特点 ,对于减少骨折鉴定中的误诊漏诊 ,提高骨折鉴定的准确性 ,具有重要的实际意义     

81例外伤性鼻部骨折的特点及其法医学鉴定分析

研究鼻部损伤后骨折的特点、确诊的方法及法医学鉴定的相关问题。 81例以鼻部外伤为主诉 ,经鼻骨拍摄X线侧位片 ( 62例加做鼻部CT扫描 )检见有鼻骨骨折的患者 ,进行法医临床学鉴定分析。单纯性线性骨折 19例 ,骨折移位者 11例 ,粉碎性、多发性骨折 4 0例 ,鼻骨骨折伴上颌骨额突骨折或 (及 )伴眶骨骨折 11例 ;轻伤 58例 ( 72 % ) ,未构成轻伤 2 3例 ( 2 8% )。多数鼻骨骨折为粉碎性、多发性 ,且可伴有其它部位骨折。鼻骨X线侧位片只能明确部分粉碎性骨折及部分移位明显的骨折 ,CT扫描能确定鼻部骨折形态。     

An Examination of the Transition of Fracture Characteristics in Long Bones from Fresh to Dry in Central Florida: Evaluating the Timing of Injury

It is important to conduct timing of injury research analyzing fracture characteristics at known postmortem intervals (PMI) because bone can retain fresh characteristics throughout the PMI. Defleshed pig (Sus scrofa) long bones were fractured weekly in two environments (full sun and shade) over 14 weeks in Central Florida and fracture characteristics were categorized (N = 136) for analysis. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) using time in weeks (PMI) as a dependent variable indicate significant relationships between PMI and Fracture Angle (p < 0.001), Fracture Surface (p < 0.001), and Fracture Outline (p < 0.001). Fracture characteristics associated with perimortem trauma (smooth Fracture Surfaces and curved or V‐shaped Fracture Outlines) were commonly observed. Analysis of fracture characteristics for each environment demonstrated similar patterns. Overall, the loss of only fresh fracture characteristics for each bone was noted earlier in the PMI for the Central Florida region than previously reported.     

Histomorphology of healing of fractures, splits, and defects in the cranial bones

The histomorphology of healing of fractures in the calvarial bones were studied: 39 autopsies and 61 bioptic samples were investigated within the time span ranging from 1 to 5 years; as well as 32 experiments with dogs were made. A tight contact between fracture edges is the key condition for fracture healing (of the mentioned bones) through central callus. Should there be no such contact, the fracture edges were joined by fibrous tissue, which lacks any osseous structures. The periosteum of the internal bone lamella and the adjoining dura mater of brain are the main sources for bone regeneration in the calvarium.     

CT测量在眶内壁骨折损伤程度鉴定中的应用

目的 利用CT测量眶内壁骨折案件中伤者眶容积扩大率及眶内壁骨质缺损面积,探讨两种CT测量值用于评估眶内壁骨折范围的可行性.方法 选取20例无眼眶骨折案件作为对照组,使用CT测量双侧眶容积,并比较两例是否存在差异.选取本院2018-2020年间受理的眶内壁骨折案件39例作为实验组,并根据鉴定意见分为轻伤组与轻微伤组.分别...     

Keyhole defect production in tubular bone

Fracture characteristics, reported primarily for the cranium, are valuable indicators of bullet direction. A bullet striking the vault tangentially produces an irregular opening, termed a "keyhole defect." with the circular portion of the defect being the initial point of impact. Identifying this feature in tubular bone (long bone) can also demonstrate bullet direction and the position of the bone at the time of the shooting. This case study involving a tangential shot (i.e., a keyhole fracture) to the humerus demonstrates some of the same fracture mechanics seen in the cranium.     

鼻骨骨折影像学检查方法与法医学鉴定

本文从影像学检查方法的不同,重点对鼻骨骨折的影像学特点进行论述,比较了各种影像学检查方法的优劣。在法医学鉴定中,应根据实际情况,选择更优质的影像学检查,注意与正常的解剖变异相区别,并提出根据鼻骨骨折的影像分型进行法医学伤情鉴定的依据。     

Case report: Forensic anthropological assessment in a suspected case of child abuse from South Africa

Not many case reports of suspected child abuse as assessed solely on skeletal remains are available. Forensic anthropologists have intimate knowledge of normal skeletal anatomy, bone trauma and processes of healing of bone and may therefore be of help in suspected cases of child abuse. Patterns of trauma in juvenile skeletal remains which are suggestive of abuse include fractures in different phases of healing, multiple fractures, typical fractures on ribs and long bones and severe, complicated cranial fractures. The aim of this paper is to report on the findings of the analysis of the skeletal remains of a 3.5 years old boy. Forensic pathological examination indicated that the boy had died from a massive cranial fracture, with multiple injuries present to the rest of the body. After the body had been buried for some time, it was exhumed and we were requested to look for signs of chronic, long-term abuse. Findings included a massive cranial fracture, another fracture in the roof of the orbit, two areas of non-specific subperiosteal bone growth and several untreated carious teeth. No clear healed fracture could be found, except for a possible healed cranial base fracture which stretched transversely across the petrosal bone. This area showed signs of recent bone activity. The court decided that this was not enough evidence of chronic abuse and found the accused guilty of murder but not of chronic child abuse. This case illustrates the difficulty to obtain clear signs of chronic injury on juvenile remains.     

Estimating the timing of long bone fractures: correlation between the postmortem interval, bone moisture content, and blunt force trauma fracture characteristics*

There is very limited knowledge about how long perimortem fracture characteristics persist into the postmortem interval (PMI). Therefore, in this study, 60 porcine long bones were exposed to natural taphonomic conditions and fractured with a steel bone breaking apparatus every 28 days throughout a 141-day period. Differences between macroscopic blunt force trauma fracture characteristics (fracture angle, surface morphology, and outline) were examined to determine if they varied over time or in relationship to bone moisture content (ash weight) and overall assessment. There are significant relationships between (1) PMI and percent ash weight (%AW), fracture surface, and fracture angle and (2) %AW and fracture surface and fracture angle. Bone moisture content correlates significantly with fracture morphology and other characteristics commonly used by forensic anthropologists to determine the timing of traumatic injuries. However, fracture characteristics normally associated with perimortem trauma can persist long into the PMI.     

生理性小骨骺分离的影像学观察及其与骨端骨折的鉴别研究

目的探讨生理性小骨骺分离的影像学特征及其与骨端撕脱性小骨折片的鉴别方法。方法回顾性分析21例怀疑骨端骨折而行法医学鉴定的案例,通过观察骨端游离小骨周边是否存在连续的骨皮质、小骨片相对侧表面是否有连续的骨皮质和局部软组织肿胀情况,并结合损伤机理考察骨折形态。结果21个案例中,6例游离小骨片与相对侧骨表面呈锐利的骨折线,并缺乏连续的骨皮质,周边可见软组织肿胀,考虑骨端撕脱小骨折;15例游离小骨与相对侧骨表面存在连续性骨皮质,考虑为骨关节端永存分离性小骨骺。观察游离小骨周边和相对侧骨表面是否有骨皮质,高分辨CT可以获得满意的结果;观察小骨周边相应的软组织肿胀,MRI较好。结论通过对骨端游离小骨详细的影像学观察,有助于鉴别骨折与生理性小骨骺分离。