Paul Peters 1924–2003: An Appreciation

Netherlands International Law Review -     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Peters Edition v. Batt</Emphasis>: The Intertextuality of Silence

The article deals, on the one hand, with a legal conflict between a musical performer/arranger, Mike Batt, and the estate of a composer of avant-garde music, John Cage, over copyright. It is also concerned with the field of intertextuality – how meaning is created in a text or in a work of art, whether it is visual, musical or verbal, through allusions and quotations to previous texts or works of art. The controversy, which did not reach the courts because of a pre-trial settlement, was over an author’s rights to silence, or, as in this case, a silent piece of music. The central issue discussed is the way in which silence may be considered – if at all, to be protectable.     

Law/Holocaust/Academy

Book reviewed in this article:
Richard H. Weisberg, Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France     

K?nig/Roeser/Stock: Baunutzungsverordnung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

AGB-Kontrolle / Transparenzgebot / Begriff der "beiderseitigen Hauptleistungen" / Schriftformklauseln

Das Transparenzgebot des § 6 Abs 3 KSchG begnügt sich nicht mit formeller Textverst?ndlichkeit, sondern verlangt, dass Inhalt und Tragweite vorgefasster Vertragsklauseln für den Verbraucher durchschaubar sind. Vertragsbestimmungen müssen den Verbraucher im Rahmen des M?glichen und überschaubaren zuverl?ssigüber seine Rechte und Pflichten aus dem Vertrag informieren. Eine "gr?bliche Benachteiligung" iSv § 879 Abs 3 ABGB liegt vor, wenn die dem Vertragspartner zugedachte Rechtsposition in auffallendem, sachlich nicht zu rechtfertigendem Missverh?ltnis zur vergleichbaren Position des anderen steht. § 10 Abs 3 KSchG trifft nicht nur Klauseln, wonach mündliche Absprachen keine Gültigkeit haben, sondern insb auch solche, wonach ?nderungen und Erg?nzungen eines Vertrags nur durch eine schriftliche Best?tigung des Unternehmers wirksam sind. Zum Begriff der "beiderseitigen Hauptleistungen" iSv § 879 Abs 3 ABGB. Für die Kenntnisnahme der AGB durch den Verbraucher und die Zustimmung des Verbrauchers zu den AGB trifft den Unternehmer die Beweislast, sofern er sich auf die AGB beruft. Hat aber der Kunde bereits in den AGB best?tigt, dass er diese zur Kenntnis genommen und ihnen zugestimmt hat, wird ihm im Zuge der Rechtsverfolgung oder -verteidigung eine Beweislast auferlegt, die ihn von Gesetzes wegen nicht trifft, wenn er n?mlich nun seinerseits dartun muss, dass er ungeachtet der Best?tigung zB in Wahrheit gar keine M?glichkeit gehabt habe, die AGB zur Kenntnis zu nehmen.     

Haftung des Notars / Schadensverlagerung / Schadensminderungspflicht

Ein von der Grundstückseigentümerin beauftragter Notar, der versehentlich statt einer Teil- die Gesamtl?schung einer H?chstbetragshypothek beantragt, haftet wegen Verlustes der Pfandhaftung nicht nur der Hypothekargl?ubigerin, sondern auch einem Bürgen, auf den sich der Schaden durch die Uneinbringlichkeit seines Regressrechtes verlagert hat. Verletzt der Bürge seine Schadensminderungspflicht, weil er es im Rechtsstreit mit der Hypothekargl?ubigerin unterl?sst, den ihm durch Wegfall der Pfandhaftung entstandenen Schaden mittels entsprechender Einwendungen zu verhindern, führt dies zu einem Entfall der Haftung.     

LC／MS／MS法测定生物组织中百草枯

目的建立LC／MS／MS检测生物体液中百草枯方法。方法弱阳离子交换固相萃取小柱提取剂，应用LC／MS／MS法对生物样品中百草枯进行定性定量分析。结果经该方法测得百草枯的最小检出限为10ng／ml血（S／N≥3），线性范围为0．02～20μg／ml。结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确，适用于生物检材中百草枯的分析。     

Academic/government/industry strategic research partnerships

Important factors for science to contribute to technological innovation are proper focus, scope, completeness, and timing. These are influenced by both the contexts and methodologies of research. In the context, there is a need to organize a bridging form between the sources of science and the implementors of technology. In the methodology, there is a need to adjust the approaches of science with the approaches of technological innovation. Cooperative research centers and next-generation-technology strategies have been shown to provide proper contexts and methodologies for coupling science with technology. National Science Foundation The opinions in this paper are solely those of the author and do not express official policy of the National Science Foundation.     

The cartography of responses to state crime: understanding the linkages among state abuses/crimes/deviance/harms/illegalities/wrongs,resistance/control,and state organizational reactions

Although a considerable amount of thoughtful scholarly research on state crime has been conducted and published, researchers have failed to assemble a comprehensive model of the process and reactions that begin after state crime has occurred and been detected. This article outlines a heuristic model that presents the major political actors that participate in this process and the relationships that can develop among them. In order to create the model, research that has been conducted on state crime is reviewed and integrated, difficulties with this work are analyzed, and recommendations about future research that can be conducted using the model are made.     

“连/又/一边A带/又/一边B”格式比较研究

连A带B"、"又A又B"和"一边A一边B"三种近义格式在形式、语义、语用方面都存在着明显的差异。在形式上,除音节的对称性和AB语法单位的不同外,三种格式A、B对动词性、形容词性、名词性成分的接纳所呈现的阶梯状分布差异,直接导致了三者句法功能的倾向以及格式义丰富性的差异。在语义上,前两种格式AB的概念关系关联度越高,越容易进入格式,后一种则相反;三种格式内部逻辑语义关系除都存在并列、顺承外,还都有着各自的特性。在语用上,"连A带B"和"又A又B"多表主客观的融合,而"一边A一边B"只表客观描写;三者焦点信息也不同:"连A带B"在A上,"一边A一边B"在B上,而"又A又B"的则在AB共同构成的语用意义上。     

Identification of selected psychopharmaceuticals and their metabolites in hair by LC/ESI-CID/MS and LC/MS/MS

Hair samples of patients of psychiatry and hair samples of suicide cases were analysed by liquid-chromatography/ionspray-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for antidepressants and neuroleptics. Electrospray ionisation (ESI) with in-source collision induced dissociation (ESI/CID) and tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were used for drug and metabolite identification. Mass spectra library searching was performed using an ESI/CID mass spectra library and a MS/MS spectra library. Furthermore, extracted ion chromatograms were used for the detection of N-desmethyl-metabolites, which were also identified by their fragment-ion spectra. Three examples using these methods are shown: The tricyclic antidepressant maprotiline, the selective serotonin receptor inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram and their desmethylmetabolites as well as the neuroleptic pipamperone were detected and identified in hair extracts. For extraction powdered hair was treated by ultrasonication in methanol and solid-phase extraction was used for sample clean-up prior to LC/MS or MS/MS analysis. These examples demonstrate the power of LC/MS and LC/MS/MS for the detection and identification of drugs in hair extracts using full-scan mode and ESI/CID with library searching or using highly selective LC/MS/MS-analysis with library searching or in multiple reaction monitoring mode.     

Intoxication and the Act/Control/Agency Requirement

Doug Husak has argued, persuasively I think, that there is no literal ??act requirement?? in Anglo-American law. I begin by reviewing Husak??s reasons for rejecting the act requirement, and provide additional reasons to think he is right to do so. But Husak??s alternative, the ??control condition??, I argue, is inadequate. The control requirement is falsified by the widespread practice of holding extremely intoxicated offenders liable for criminal conduct they engage in even if they lack control over their conduct at the time of the offense, and even if they are acting involuntarily. I provide examples from Canadian, US and German law to flesh out our legal practices with respect to intoxicated offenders. I then argue that, at least with respect to one class of intoxicated offenders?Cthose known as ??grand schemers??, who plan their criminal offending prior to rendering themselves incapable of voluntary control over their conduct?Cwe are morally justified in imposing liability. I then propose an alternative to both the act and control requirements: what I call the ??agency requirement??. I argue that our law does and should impose liability for conduct that is expressive of or constitutive of the defendant??s practically rational agency. Adopting an agency view allows us to expand our focus from just the moment of the offense to temporally extended instances of agency, such as is involved in planned offending by grand schemers.     

Differentiation of side chain isomers of ring-substituted amphetamines using gas chromatography/infrared/mass spectrometry (GC/IR/MS).

Common analytical methods used for identifying samples obtained from clandestine laboratories were evaluated for their ability to differentiate between possible amphetamine isomers and homologs. A series of ring-substituted (4-methyl, 4-methoxy, and 3,4-methylenedioxy) amphetamine and N-methylphenethylamine isomers was analyzed using color tests, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/infrared (GC/IR). The N-acetyl derivatives of the isomers were analyzed using GC/IR/MS. GC/IR/MS readily differentiated the 4-methylphenylalkylamine isomers. MS and IR spectra were also obtained for each pair of the 4-methoxyphenylalkylamine isomers and the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine isomers, but differentiation via GC/IR/MS was difficult. The N-acetyl derivatives of each pair of isomers could be readily differentiated using GC/IR/MS. Good library researchable spectra for N-acetylamphetamine could be obtained for IR identification with 10 ng (on-column) and MS identification with 2 ng. The spectrometrically independent IR and MS data obtained for the N-acetyl derivatives indicated that the combination of GC/IR/MS can add a significant level of confidence in the analysis of ring-substituted arylalkylamines.