从输油管道建设规划看中俄在能源领域的合作

俄石油管道泰纳线一期工程的开工,结束了长达12年的环保和线路争执。可以说,泰纳线是对中俄两国经济和能源合作的发展都有利的项目。造成中俄输油管道合作一波三折的主要原因在于中俄能源合作机制的不健全。尽管目前中俄两国能源合作存在一些问题,但有利的地缘优势加上良好的政治关系以及两国在能源领域的互补性,中俄两国能源合作具备了开始提速并进入实质性合作阶段的各种前提条件。未来中俄在能源领域的合作将会跳出输油管道的定式,合作的领域将会越来越广,合作的道路将越走越远。     

能源要素组合与中美一中俄能源战略合作

全球能源供求体系决定着中美、中俄之间能源战略合作的基本走向.各种战略要素组合构成中美、中俄两种能源战略合作类型的框架和特点.中美能源合作具有全球性和互补性,其核心是防止能源主要产地和主要通道的各种安全威胁上升,同时也预防两国能源战略利益差异走向对抗.中俄能源合作则更具有地区性和互利性,其核心将是两国能源供求关系更加长期化、机制化,并推动东北亚和中亚两个地区的地缘政治一经济整合.由于全球气候变化问题和低碳经济升温,中、美、俄三国都开始进行能源结构的战略调整,其能源战略合作出现新的趋势.     

俄乌能源合作制约因素及对大国利益格局的影响

俄罗斯与乌克兰作为两个脱胎于同一母体,地理上相邻的国家,近年来政治关系不断疏远,能源合作也时常出现分歧。能源纷争又导致两国的政治关系更加复杂。影响两国能源合作的因素使两国间战略互信逐渐减少,合作环境改变,合作基础动摇。俄乌能源纷争也对大国能源利益格局带来深远影响,中俄能源合作应该从中吸取经验教训。     

中俄能源合作的现状、影响因素及意义分析

俄罗斯是能源生产大国,中国是能源消费大国,加之两国地理上毗邻,能源合作具有很强的互补性和地缘优势,合作潜力巨大。中俄能源合作在过去十多年里取得了一些重要的进展,但两国能源合作的潜力与现实之间还存在较大的差距。能源合作是中俄战略协作伙伴关系的重要内容,加强和扩大两国的能源合作有利于增进两国的战略互信,扩大两国的经贸合作,加强两国的能源安全。石油和天然气是中俄能源合作的重点,中俄原油管道已经建成并正式运营,而天然气合作的谈判正处于攻坚阶段。目前推动两国能源合作的力量大于阻碍的力量,双边能源合作中的摩擦更多属于商业性质,中俄有望在深度磨合中持续释放能源合作的巨大潜力。     

中俄能源合作的现状、前景分析及启示

能源合作是中俄两国经贸合作的重点,直接关系到两国的经济发展和国力提升。虽然目前中俄两国在能源领域的合作具有很强的互补性,但双方的能源合作与两国能源供需状况并不协调。采取措施推动双方能源合作,成为两国今后工作的一个重点。从战略角度来考虑,推动双方的能源合作已经成为加强中俄能源合作的前提。     

上海合作组织框架内的中俄能源利益分析*

进入21 世纪以来，世界大国对能源的争夺加剧，欧亚大陆腹地（尤其是中亚地区）正 日益成为大国激烈角逐的竞技场。中俄作为中亚地区的两大邻国，出于商业利益、国家安全和地缘 政治关切，都对该地区极为重视，在防止其他大国插手中亚事务、维护地区安全稳定方面彼此互相 倚重。中亚地区是中俄两国未来发展不可或缺的地缘战略空间，相互竞争以及由此可能带来的负 面影响不可避免，但这也为中俄之间展开更加广泛而深入的合作创造了契机。作为地区合作与安 全架构，上海合作组织在地区内平衡的是两大强国的利益，反映了中俄两国维护欧亚大陆安全的 共同需求，并且使中亚国家能够在平等基础上与本地区大国探求促进合作与安全的途径，因此上 合组织为协调中俄在中亚地区的能源关系和加强合作构建了良好平台。     

把握时机推进中俄能源合作

有关两国能源合作问题,国内外学者已做了不少研究,提出了不少看法。应该说,中俄能源合作的进程较为复杂,并不顺利,正如有人总结的那样：“谈得很多,做得很少”。其主要原因在于俄罗斯一直存在以下两种思想干扰了对华能源合作的深化与拓展：一是不少俄罗斯人认为,向中国供应更多的能源与原材料,俄罗斯就可能成为中国的“能源原材料附庸”,这是俄罗斯能源民族主义的一种反映;二是俄罗斯在对外能源合作方面长期追求政治、经济与外交“利益最大化”,这有悖于共赢理念。这些干扰中俄能源合作的理念,在俄罗斯是不太容易消除的。     

新世纪中俄能源合作

能源问题是世界各国关注的焦点问题之一。中国是世界石油生产和消费大国。随着经济的发展,中国的能源进口需求不断扩大。俄罗斯是世界油气生产和出口大国。中俄两国在能源方面存在很强的互补性。中俄能源合作符合双方的利益,具有广阔的发展前景。     

中俄能源合作若干问题探索

随着中国能源对外依存度的不断上升,中国正在实施能源进口多元化战略,与俄罗斯的合作是其重要的组成部分。中俄能源合作的条件得天独厚,但中俄能源合作的外部环境却十分复杂。因此,认清影响中俄能源合作的诸因素,努力排除干扰,使两国的油气合作顺利开展,对于保障中国经济安全、降低因政治因素给能源安全带来的风险,意义尤其重大。     

中俄能源合作的现状和前景

中俄能源合作历经多年的摇摆与磨合,终于有了实质性进展.中俄能源合作前景看好,这对于促进两国经济、政治关系的全面发展,对于推动上合组织内的能源合作和东北亚地区的能源合作机制的建立,以及对于维护世界能源安全,都具有积极意义.     

Population, Prophets, Pensions, and Politics

As immigrant populations in Western welfare states grow at a faster rate than the native populations, whose birthrates have declined dramatically in recent years, Europe's tradition of democracy and tolerance is threatened. The reasons for the birthrate decline and the resultant aging of the native population are many and complex, but one important contributing factor is the pay-as-you-go pension system, which reduces people's immediate dependence on children. Moreover, the payroll and social security taxes that support the welfare state reduce the earnings capacity of men and women of the traditional age for having children, thus pushing down the birthrate. It is time to consider whether modern Europe's small-size families and high pensions are sustainable     

Terrorism,counter-terrorism,and critique: opportunities,examples, and implications

This article explores the parameters, value and limitations of different critical strategies for those dissatisfied with the contemporary politics of terror. It argues, first, that the prominent (counter-)terrorism paradigm – in which terrorism is approached as a ubiquitous and very specific security challenge meriting appropriately exceptional responses – is far more critiqued than we might anticipate. And, second, that such critiques – which can be found across political language, popular culture, everyday life, and beyond – employ distinct critical resources to serve varying ends. Reflecting on these, the article offers a new heuristic distinguishing five critical strategies which seek to: (i) repudiate; (ii) question; (iii) subvert; (iv) replace, or (v) deconstruct the prominent counter-terrorism paradigm. This typology, it argues, offers scope for optimism and strategic resources for those attracted to a critical terrorism studies project going forward.     

Pakistan,India, China,and the United States: Energy,Climate Change,and National Security

This article focuses on the interplay of energy, climate change, and national security issues in Southwest Asia, using the newer definition of “national security” to include energy security, economic development, and climate change, as well as traditional security focusing on the military aspects.     

Norway,Spitsbergen, and America, 1905-1920

In the Spitsbergen treaty of 1920, Norway acquired sovereignty over the Spitsbergen Islands. Rather than Woodrow Wilson, the American president, the architects behind the treaty were Robert Lansing, Wilson’s secretary of state, and, behind the diplomatic scene, the mining investor, John M. Longyear. In 1906, Longyear established a mining company to exploit the coal deposits at Spitsbergen. He induced Congress, the State Department, and the White House to forge an American policy for the European Arctic, including the appointment of Lansing, an international lawyer, as a counsel in the State Department. Lansing was a leading expert on both international law and the lack of state authority at the terra nullius, Spitsbergen. In 1915, he became secretary of State and, at the Paris Peace Conference, decided American policy regarding the Spitsbergen question. This analysis shows how the outcome of the Spitsbergen question was a result of American mining interests, supplemented by Norwegian-American shared interests in conflict resolution based on international law.     

International relations in Malaysia: theories, history, memory, perception, and context

The article makes a preliminary survey of the teaching of internationalrelations (IR) in Malaysia. It starts by describing the originsof the field, and the emergence of an IR epistemic communityjoining both academia and government. This account is necessarilyderived from the experiences of the four most established Malaysianuniversities distinguished by length of existence and officialfavor. Subsequently, the survey would describe course contentand influences going into their design. The penultimate sectionswould attempt to place the evolution of Malaysian IR teachingwithin a historical context. This survey nonetheless concludesthat nationalist aspirations continue to remain a secondaryinfluence when compared with intellectual dependence upon theWest in the design of IR education in Malaysia. Received for publication August 28, 2008. Accepted for publication October 2, 2008.     

Indigeneity,Ethnicity, and the State: Australia,Fiji, and New Zealand

This article draws on the politics of indigeneity to distinguish the claims of first occupancy from simple ethnic identity politics, illustrating that relative political marginalization in Australasia is not so much a function of minority status but of indigeneity itself. The politics of indigeneity's aim is to create political space for self-determination and a particular indigenous share in the sovereign authority of the nation-state itself. The Australasian states are compared with Fiji to demonstrate that the significance of historical constraints on political authority transcend the withdrawal of a colonial power and the restoration of collective indigenous majority population status.     

Culture,liberation, and 'development'

Most of the socio-economic changes taking place in Africa and much of the South are externally driven. External agencies, often in league with the State, by-pass working people and do not involve them in the decision-making processes. Their economic approaches ignore people's cultures and their world view. This denies working people a creative capacity to adapt new techniques and knowledge to their own concrete reality. This article argues for the importance of the historical frame of reference and for the centrality of culture in socio-economic processes. The author argues against approaches which are not culturally familiar to working people.     

The roles of,and relationships between,expatriates, volunteers,and local development workers

This article reports on exploratory research based on interviews with expatriate and local aid workers employed by local and international NGOs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thematic analysis of the interviews found that personnel were placed in groups based on their job category – consultant, volunteer, or permanent staff – regardless of experience. These categories logically reflect each worker's pay level, purpose, and role, but they may also have an implicit power meaning which reinforces group differences and inhibits inter-group relationships. Relationship building was reported to be the most important factor contributing to the success of capacity-development initiatives. Four sub-themes were identified: communication, friendship, reciprocal learning/teaching, and confidence.     

Negotiation,politics, and management

Book reviews in this article:
Samuel B. Bacharach and Edward J. Lawler , Power and Politics in Organizations: The Social Psychology of Conflict, Coalitions, and Bargaining .
Max H. Bazerman and Roy J. Lewicki , eds., Negotiating in Organizations .
Jeffrey Pfeffer , Power in Organizations .