论法律发现及其方法

法律发现是指法官判案时生成裁判规范的活动。在实际进行法律发现的各种方法中,有古老的,有现代的;有简单的,有复杂的。不过,集中体现法官能动性和创造性的方法主要有比较适用的方法;冲突解决的方法;法律解释的方法;漏洞填充的方法;利益衡量的方法等。这些方法各有其特色,其运用皆体现了严格规则主义与自由裁量主义的有机结合。     

A statistical criterion for the value of evidence: Application to the evaluation of the results of paint spectral analysis

The paper describes a method for the quantitative comparison of slightly differing infrared spectra. The method is based on a comparison of the differences in absorbance of some selected band pairs which represent identification features of infrared spectra. An optimal combination of band pairs was chosen using two methods: a graphical method based on the validity of Beer's law (method I) and a purely statistical method (method II). The spectra characterized by the selected features were compared and the significance of differences between them was tested using the mathematical Hotelling's T² test. It was found that the method developed enables the quantitative and objective evaluation of the statistical significance of differences between compared spectra.     

陈旧性骨骼DNA提取技术的研究

对陈旧性骨骼建立一个高回收率并能除去 PCR 反应抑制物的提取 DNA 的方法。采用 CTAB 法提取 DNA。结果显示,该方法不但能有效去除 PCR 抑制物,而且对水泡、火烧、土埋以及10年左右的骨骼所提取的 DNA 均能成功地进行荧光标记 STR 多基因座扩增检验。实验表明,该方法稳定,重复性好,适合陈旧骨骼标本的 DNA 提取。     

论农村社会保障法律制度构建中的政府责任——基于社会法视阈

农村社会保障法律关系错综复杂,政府、社会及农民在农村社会保障中既有相应的权力(利),也要履行一定的义务。行政法、经济法和社会法各自具有独特的法律价值和调整对象,本文分别基于这三个法域检视农村社会保障法律制度构建中的政府责任,考察农村社会保障法律制度构建中政府责任的越位和缺位,反思政府在构建农村社会保障法律制度中所发挥的主导和基础作用,提出在社会法视阈下政府应定位在承担法律制度构建、财政支撑和监督管理之责任。     

Chelex法和两种磁珠法提取接触DNA效果的比较

目的比较Chelex法、DNA IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法对接触DNA的提取效果。方法将稀释为10ng、100ng的标准品DNA,分别采用Chelex法、DNA IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法处理;对30例烟蒂和30例牙刷分别采用Chelex法、DNA IQ磁珠法和EQ国产磁珠法提取DNA,然后进行PCR定量和STR检测。结果Chelex法对DNA的提取无损失,DNA IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法对DNA的提取均有不同程度的损失;烟蒂、牙刷等检材采用Chelex法提取的接触DNA量和IPC CT值显著高于IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法,但STR检验成功率却低于IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法。2种磁珠法提取的DNA量、IPC CT值和STR检验成功率无显著性差异。结论污染轻、杂质少的接触DNA检材,用Chelex法提取最为方便快捷;IQ磁珠法、EQ国产磁珠法更适合污染接触DNA检材的提取及自动化操作。     

血液乙醇检测内外标法比较研究

目的通过比较内标法和外标法对血液乙醇含量检测结果,探讨外标法在法医学实践中的应用价值。方法通过收集2005年10月~2006年12月间本中心符合检测要求的血液样品263例,每例分别采用内标法和外标法进行血液样品乙醇含量检测,比较其检测结果。结果外标法检测时间短(2.5min),用量0.5ml,而内标法检测时间长(6.5min),样品量1.0ml;外标法检测血乙醇平均浓度为89.30mg/100ml,内标法检测血乙醇平均浓度为92.37mg/100ml,P=0.001。结论外标法检测时间短(2.5min),用量少,节约检材,可作为大量待测血液样本的筛选检查手段。     

Forensic usefulness of the silicone rubber cast of the cardiac vessels

Adequate examination of the coronary arteries at forensic autopsy is often difficult. No matter whether the arteries are opened longitudinally or transversely, each method has its disadvantages. A technique making silicone rubber casts of the cardiac vessels providing simultaneous angiography is described. The method allows the three-dimensional precise assessment of stenotic lesions of the coronary arteries. It is concluded that the method examined could be useful for the forensic problems.     

墨水书写时间测定的进展

本文追述了从20世纪20年代初到90年代末书写墨水的时间测定的进展.这包括,介绍新检验方法建立所需遵循的基本要求;推荐目前案件检验的工作程序,即墨水种类的确定,可疑文件的外观检验,同牌号、同配方、同批号比对样本的寻找;评述目前已为办案使用的各种书写年代测定的方法,如扩散法,转印法,染料比值法,气相色谱法、溶剂萃取法,差示扫描量热法等;以及讨论了有望用于年代测定的一些新技术,如用于钢笔墨水的电化学法,光谱法和用于圆珠笔墨水的显微分光光度法,付里叶变换拉曼光谱法等.     

A Test of the Passalacqua Age at Death Estimation Method Using the Sacrum

A test of the accuracy of the Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) sacrum method in a forensic context was performed on a sample of 153 individuals from the J.C.B. Grant Skeletal Collection. The Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) method assesses seven traits of the sacrum using a 7‐digit coding system. An accuracy of 97.3% was achieved using the Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) method to estimate adult skeletal age. On average each age estimate differed by 12.87 years from the known age. The method underestimated the age of individuals by an average of 4.3 years. An intra‐observer error of 6.6% suggests that the method can be performed with precision. Correlation and regression analysis found that the sacral traits used in the Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) method did not have a strong relationship with age or an ability to strongly predict age. Overall, the method was not practical for use in a forensic context due to the broad age ranges, despite the high accuracy and low intra‐observer error.     

Application of the Suchey-Brooks method to three-dimensional imaging of the pubic symphysis

Age determination is a major field of interest in forensic anthropology. Among the different methods based on macroscopic skeletal study, the Suchey-Brooks method, which analyzes the pubic symphysis, is one of the most reliable. We applied the Suchey-Brooks method to three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstructions of the pubic symphysis. We demonstrated excellent agreement between the results of analysis of bone samples and those of the three-dimensional images, in particular regarding ridges of the articular surface and delimitation of the extremities. The accuracy of age estimation did not significantly differ (Wilcoxon test) between the Suchey-Brooks method applied to bones and the same method applied to CT images. Using high-quality images, this approach seems as reliable as the standard Suchey-Brooks method and offers several advantages: no bone preparation, no damage to bone material, and the possibility of application to living individuals.     

A New Method for the Characterization of the Degree of Fire Damage to Gypsum Wallboard for Use in Fire Investigations

A new method to characterize the degree of fire damage to gypsum wallboard is introduced, implemented, and tested to determine the efficacy of its application among novices. The method was evaluated by comparing degree of fire damage assessments of novices with and without the method. Thirty-nine “novice” raters assessed damage to a gypsum wallboard surface, completing 66 ratings, first without the method, and then again using the method. The inter-rater reliability was evaluated for ratings of damage without and with the method. For novice fire investigators rating degree of damage without the aid of the method, ICC(1,2) = 0.277 with 95% CI (0.211, 0.365), and with the method, ICC(2,1) = 0.593 with 95% CI (0.509, 0.684). Results indicate that the raters were more reliable in their analysis of the degree of fire damage when using the method, which support the use of standardized processes to decrease the variability in data collection and interpretation.     

世界贸易组织法学方法论问题刍议

方法论的确定和方法的选取及应用对法学研究具有十分重要的意义。世界贸易组织法的本质是国家个体主义的,采用个体主义方法论指导世界贸易组织法学的研究符合世界贸易组织法的本质属性。在抛弃了传统法学的价值分析方法后,成本收益分析方法和国际政治分析方法更能揭示世界贸易组织法的判断标准,另外,比较分析方法和博弈分析方法对于世界贸易组织法学的研究也很有必要。同时在应用上述分析方法进行研究时应注意具体方法的适用条件和应用成效。     

A test of the effectiveness of the revised maxillary suture obliteration method in estimating adult age at death

The effectiveness of the original maxillary suture method for estimating age at death, introduced in 1987 by Mann and colleagues, has been tested, but their revised maxillary suture method (1991) has not been subject to similar scrutiny. The purpose of this study is to test the accuracy of the revised maxillary suture method in estimating age at death on a genetically diverse skeletal sample of 155 maxillae (96 males, 59 females, aged 26 to 100 years) of known age at death from the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Results from a prior study of the original maxillary suture method will be compared. With age category correctly estimated for 83% of this sample, the results of this study indicate that the revised method is more effective in estimating age at death than the original method. The revised method appears to perform best for older individuals and tends to underestimate age for individuals of all age groups. The results suggest that the revised method is useful as a method for age estimation when it is used conjunction with other estimators.     

医疗机构在医药产品侵权中的责任研究——以中外对比研究为重点

由于医药产品在医疗活动得到了广泛应用,医药产品侵权问题也成为一个热点问题。世界各国对医疗机构在有缺陷的医药产品侵权中是否承担责任以及如何承担责任主要有两种做法：一是,医疗机构作为医疗服务的提供者不承担产品责任,而由产品的生产者和销售者按照严格责任原则承担产品责任。这一做法以英国和美国为代表。二是,医疗机构通过提供医药产品获得经济,其行为性质与销售无异,因而与产品的生产者、销售者按照严格责任原则承担连带责任。这一种做法以欧盟为代表。笔者认为,我国《侵权责任法》采第二种做法。本文采用共同侵权的连带责任原理对《侵权责任法》的相关规定进行分析。连带责任产生外部法律效果和内部法律效果。就外部法律效果而言,对医疗机构和生产者同时适用产品责任的严格责任原则,患者既可以向生产者请求赔偿,也可向医疗机构请求赔偿。就内部法律效果而言,对医疗机构和生产者分别适用过错原则和产品责任的严格责任原则,即医疗机构在经患者请求赔偿其损害后,如果对医药产品的缺陷没有过错,可以向生产者追偿。我国《侵权责任法》的规定在倾斜保护患者利益的同时,有可能产生负面影响。医疗机构应当积极应对。     

The use of the obti test for determining the presence and type of blood in stains

A method for simultaneous detection and identification of the blood in stains on material evidence has been tried. Previously these two procedures were carried out in succession and took 2 days, while the new method takes 2-10 min. The method is highly sensitive and specific. Positive results were obtained only with human blood. The method is recommended for practice, specifically, for investigation of complex blood traces (washed and old) on material evidence.     

论权衡方法在行政法适用中的展开

行政法裁判过程具有鲜明的利益权衡本质。在个案中如何作正当、有效的权衡,需要发展出一套适用于行政法裁判过程的方法,其具有自洽的命题体系与理论基础。以行政审判中对"滥用职权"的权衡与判断为例,可以深入认识和了解行政法权衡方法具体运用的步骤、顺序与思考的要素,从而有效地实现行政法审判结论的精准与妥当。同时要通过理论思考反思权衡方法本身的局限与问题。     

烧毁复印纸的提取、显现方法研究

目的建立科学的提取、显现烧毁复印纸的方法。方法制备烧毁复印纸,对比喷雾法、气熏法、涂刷法、水漂法、发胶喷雾法对烧毁复印纸的摊平软化效果;对比夹板固定法和胶带粘取法对烧毁复印纸的固定效果;对比光学检验法、化学显现法对烧毁复印纸文件的显现效果。结果喷雾法摊平软化效果整体上优于其他方法;夹板固定法可适用于大多数烧毁复印纸文件,胶带粘取法适用于打印类复印纸文件;光学检验可以显现出黑笔、蓝笔、红笔、2B铅笔字迹以及指印,化学显现可以更清晰地显现出黑笔、2B铅笔字迹。结论当烧毁复印纸烧毁程度不明确时,摊平软化可选用喷雾法;当烧毁复印纸内容需进一步检验时,固定优选用夹板固定法;显现烧毁复印纸应根据不同显现客体采取合适的方法。     

枪击案件中射击残留物提取方法的探讨

目的结合现场勘查提取和实验研究,探讨了几种提取射击残留物的不同方法。方法采用富集浓缩、颗粒收集等方法。结果运用上述方法提取了附着在玻璃、汽车、塑料和织物上弹孔周围的射击残留物。结论收到良好的效果,大大提高了射击残留物提取率和检出率。     

热显现法在机动车字号显现中的应用

本文介绍了热显现法的原理，并通过实验验证了该技术在机动车字号显现中的效果，同时总结了该显现技术的显现步骤及注意事项。