湖北省禽白血病自然病例的病理学诊断及p53和Bcl-2基因表达情况的观察

应用组织病理学和SABC免疫组织化学技术,对湖北省武汉市的2批14日龄和33日龄疑似禽白血病肉鸡进行了病理学诊断,并观察了病鸡肝肿瘤组织中p53基因和Bcl-2基因的表达情况。剖检可见病鸡肝、肾、脾均不同程度肿胀,组织病理学检查在肝、肾、心等脏器可见散在或聚集成团的骨髓瘤细胞,胞浆内充满球形的嗜酸性颗粒;在病鸡肝肿瘤组织中p53和Bcl-2基因均呈阳性表达,诊断为J亚群禽白血病(ALV-J),提示p53基因和Bcl-2基因与肉鸡J亚群禽白血病有关。     

黄羽肉鸡胰蛋白酶原的原核表达及其在体内分布的研究

本试验对胰蛋白酶原(trypsinogen,TRY)进行原核表达并对其诱导条件、纯化条件进行优化,将纯化后的目的蛋白免疫新西兰白兔,制备兔抗TRY多克隆抗体。利用免疫组织化学法、PCR技术和荧光定量PCR技术分析TRY在不同日龄雌雄黄羽肉鸡体内的分布情况。结果显示,诱导表达重组蛋白的最佳诱导条件为37℃200 r/min,0.8 mmol/L IPTG,诱导时间为24 h;亲和层析法纯化蛋白以160 mmol/L的咪唑洗脱效果最好;TRY基因在黄羽肉鸡体内的组织分布具有广泛性,但雌雄黄羽肉鸡各组织的TRY表达量存在差异;TRY基因从1日龄即随着黄羽肉鸡的生长发育表达量也随之增加,在14日龄时,其表达量极显著提高;胰腺组织TRY基因具有性别差异性,在14、35和56日龄,雄性黄羽肉鸡的表达量高于雌性的表达量,差异显著(P0.05)。上述研究结果可为进一步研究肉鸡胰蛋白酶原结构与功能、肠道消化功能的早期发育过程提供参考。     

新型饲料添加剂喹羟酮对肉鸡生产性能和蛋白质代谢的影响

研究了喹啉类添加剂和不同浓度梯度喹羟酮对肉鸡生产性能和蛋白质代谢的影响。结果表明,喹羟酮和喹烯酮显著提高了肉鸡日增重、采食量和饲料转化率;对肉鸡血浆总蛋白和白蛋白含量无显著影响;明显提高了肉鸡肌肉中RNA和DNA含量。在肉鸡日粮中添加50mg/kg或75mg/kg喹羟酮可显著提高肉鸡日增重、采食量、饲料转化率和粗蛋白的表观利用率,可显著降低小肠重量。上述结果证明,喹羟酮可促进肉鸡生长,有利于氮的利用。在基础日粮中添加50mg/kg喹羟酮可获得最佳效果。     

浅析鸡的腿病

浅析鸡的腿病张秀云（河南省获加县畜牧局４５３８００）鸡的许多疾病都可引起腿部组织发生病变，常见的有以下几种。（一）维生素或微量元素缺乏①维生素Ｂ＿１缺乏时，病鸡腿软，不会站立，伏卧，头向上仰呈现星姿势。②维生素Ｂ＿２缺乏时，病鸡胫骨发育不良，关节肿大...     

甘草多糖对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

研究在日粮中添加不同水平甘草多糖（GCP）对肉鸡免疫功能的影响。选用320只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复16只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其他4组分别饲喂添加甘草多糖 200、500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg的试验日粮。在21和42日龄时,从每个重复随机抽取4只接近平均体质量的肉鸡,空腹称重,翅静脉采血制备血清,测定血清IgM、IgG、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6的质量浓度和新城疫抗体水平;然后处死,摘取免疫器官脾、胸腺、法氏囊并称重,测定免疫器官指数;最后剪取小块脾,用来测定IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-1β mRNA相对表达量。结果显示：500 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组的GCP可以显著提高21日龄时肉鸡脾、胸腺和法氏囊指数（P0.05）,1 000 mg/kg组和1500 mg/kg组均能显著提高42日龄时肉鸡脾指数（P0.05）;添加GCP能显著提高21日龄时肉鸡血清中IgM、IL-6、IFN-γ的质量浓度和新城疫抗体水平（P0.05）,并能显著提高42日龄时肉鸡血清中IgM、IL-6和IL-2的质量浓度（P0.05）,其中500 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组GCP血清免疫球蛋白和细胞因子质量浓度较高;GCP能显著提高脾IL-2基因mRNA表达水平和21日龄时脾IFN-γ 基因mRNA表达水平（P0.05）。结论：在日粮中添加GCP可在一定程度上提高肉鸡的免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体水平、免疫球蛋白、细胞因子和脾相关细胞因子的基因表达水平,提高机体免疫功能。     

甘草多糖对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

研究在日粮中添加不同水平甘草多糖(GCP)对肉鸡免疫功能的影响。选用320只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复16只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其他4组分别饲喂添加甘草多糖200、500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg的试验日粮。在21和42日龄时,从每个重复随机抽取4只接近平均体质量的肉鸡,空腹称重,翅静脉采血制备血清,测定血清IgM、IgG、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-6的质量浓度和新城疫抗体水平;然后处死,摘取免疫器官脾、胸腺、法氏囊并称重,测定免疫器官指数;最后剪取小块脾,用来测定IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-1β mRNA相对表达量。结果显示:500 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组的GCP可以显著提高21日龄时肉鸡脾、胸腺和法氏囊指数(P0.05),1 000 mg/kg组和1 500 mg/kg组均能显著提高42日龄时肉鸡脾指数(P0.05);添加GCP能显著提高21日龄时肉鸡血清中Ig M、IL-6、IFN-γ的质量浓度和新城疫抗体水平(P0.05),并能显著提高42日龄时肉鸡血清中IgM、IL-6和IL-2的质量浓度(P0.05),其中500 mg/kg组和1 000 mg/kg组GCP血清免疫球蛋白和细胞因子质量浓度较高;GCP能显著提高脾IL-2基因mRNA表达水平和21日龄时脾IFN-γ基因mRNA表达水平(P0.05)。结果表明:在日粮中添加GCP可在一定程度上提高肉鸡的免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体水平及免疫球蛋白质量浓度、细胞因子质量浓度和脾相关细胞因子的基因表达水平,提高机体免疫功能。     

高铜对肉鸡心肌细胞线粒体自噬的影响

为了探究高铜(copper,Cu)是否能诱导肉鸡心肌细胞线粒体发生自噬,本研究选用48只1日龄健康白羽肉鸡,随机将其分为4组,每组12只,分别喂以对照日粮(11 mg/kg Cu,对照组)和高铜日粮(110mg/kg Cu,高铜I组;220 mg/kg Cu,高铜Ⅱ组;330 mg/kg Cu,高铜Ⅲ组),并于49日龄进行心脏采集,实时荧光定量PCR检测肉鸡心肌细胞中线粒体自噬相关基因PIN K 1、Parkin、LC3-I、LC3-Ⅱ、p62和NIX的mRNA转录水平,免疫印迹和免疫组织化学技术分别检测蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I的表达与LC3-Ⅱ的定位。结果显示,高铜可显著上调线粒体自噬相关基因PINK1、Parkin、LC3-I、LC3-Ⅱ和NIX的mRNA转录水平(P0.05),但p62的mRNA转录水平变化不显著(P0.05),蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I也显著升高(P0.05),且由免疫组织化学结果可看出肉鸡心肌细胞中LC3-Ⅱ的棕色阳性颗粒增加(P0.05)。上述结果表明,高铜可诱导肉鸡心肌细胞线粒体发生自噬。     

女贞子萃取物对肉鸡的急性毒性试验

通过女贞子超临界CO2萃取物对肉鸡的急性毒性试验,确定女贞子萃取物作为饲料添加剂的安全性。以最大浓度最大容量灌胃给药,12 h内给药3次,连续观察14 d,观察并详细记录肉鸡的反应情况。结果显示,试验组肉鸡全部健存,无明显中毒表现,各试验组肉鸡的日增重及料重比与对照组无显著差异;与对照组相比,女贞子萃取物对肉鸡的肝脂数、肾指数、胸腺指数、脾指数和法氏囊指数无明显作用;试验组肉鸡的肝、肾、胸腺、脾、法氏囊无异常外观变化和组织病理学变化。结果表明,肉鸡对女贞子超临界CO2萃取物的最大耐受量在45.0 g/kg(按体重计算)以上。     

甲泼尼龙对鸡关节软骨细胞自噬的影响

为探究甲泼尼龙(MP)对关节软骨细胞自噬的影响,机械分离肉鸡膝关节软骨组织,剪碎后,0.25%胰蛋白酶消化30 min,在0.1%的透明质酸酶和0.2%的Ⅱ型胶原酶中消化12 h,于含10%胎牛血清的培养液中进行细胞培养。采用甲苯胺蓝、阿利新蓝染色法和PCR扩增鉴定关节软骨细胞,采用MP和三甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)处理鸡关节软骨细胞。结果显示,MP促进软骨细胞自噬相关基因的显著表达,并降低细胞活性,3-MA对MP诱导的关节软骨细胞自噬有保护作用。本研究建立了原代肉鸡关节软骨细胞培养方法,初步揭示了MP及3-MA对软骨细胞自噬的作用机理。     

高铜诱导肉鸡肌胃和腺胃发生自噬与凋亡

为了探讨高铜对肉鸡肌胃和腺胃发生自噬与凋亡的影响,本试验选用240羽1日龄AA白羽肉鸡作为试验动物,并随机分为4组,分别饲喂含铜11 mg/kg(对照组)、110 mg/kg(高铜Ⅰ组)、220 mg/kg(高铜Ⅱ组)和330 mg/kg(高铜Ⅲ组)的日粮,并于49日龄采集肌胃和腺胃,制作组织切片观察组织学变化,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测自噬和凋亡相关基因的mRNA表达,免疫印迹检测LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ和Caspase3的蛋白表达。结果显示,高铜可引起肌胃中肌纤维稀疏,腺胃中的腺细胞发生脱落以及空泡变性。另外,高铜可显著上调肌胃和腺胃中自噬相关基因Beclin1、Atg5、LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ和凋亡相关基因Bax、Bak1、p53、Cyt C和Caspase3的表达,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ和Caspase3的蛋白表达水平也显著升高,而mTOR和Bcl2的mRNA转录水平则显著下调。此外,腺胃和肌胃中p62的mRNA转录水平呈现先降低后升高的趋势。结果表明,高铜可诱导肉鸡的肌胃和腺胃发生自噬和凋亡。     

猪瘟病毒E_2基因疫苗表达抗原在小白鼠胫前肌的分布及消长

用免疫组化法检测了猪瘟病毒（ＨＣＶ）Ｅ２囊膜糖蛋白基因疫苗表达的抗原在小白鼠胫前肌中的分布及消长。结果：ＨＣＶＥ２基因疫苗ｐＣＤＳＴ接种小白鼠胫前肌后,表达的Ｅ２抗原主要分布于肌纤维膜上,少量分布于肌纤维间,在细胞浆中很难检测到Ｅ２抗原;用ＨＣＶ基因疫苗免疫后１ｄ,Ｅ２抗原已有表达,１３ｄ抗原达高峰,以后逐渐减少,３０ｄ仅检测到少量抗原。     

大鼠骨关节炎模型病变程度与血清CTX-Ⅰ、PINP、OC骨代谢标志物的相关性研究

为探讨在大鼠骨关节炎模型中,骨代谢标志物CTX-Ⅰ、PINP、OC浓度变化与骨关节炎发病程度的相关性,本试验选用60只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组(n=30)和模型组(n=30)。模型组经前十字韧带切断(ACLT)手术法诱导骨关节炎,对照组进行假手术,分别于第0、3、6、9、12和15周取血清和胫骨样本。采用ELISA法检测CTX-Ⅰ、PINP和OC浓度,胫骨平台进行宏观观察和组织学检测,并对组织学变化采用OARSI评分,分析骨代谢标志物浓度变化与骨关节炎病变程度的相关性。结果显示,与对照组相比,第15周时模型组CTX-Ⅰ和OC的浓度显著增加(P<0.05),OARSI评分显著增加(P<0.05),且CTX-Ⅰ和OC的浓度分别与OARSI评分呈正相关(r=0.811 1和r=0.761 4,P<0.01)。结果表明,CTX-Ⅰ和OC可能是早期诊断骨关节炎的潜在指标,为深入研究骨关节炎发病机制提供了资料。     

Socio-economic determinants of the family history of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Pakistan

This article aims to assess the role of important socio-economic factors in the family history of tuberculosis patients in Pakistan. Data were collected from 269 patients, and a logistic regression was used to determine the association between risk factors and the vicious circle of TB. Results of the logistic model show that significant risk factors associated with TB history in patients were education, household size, house structure, rooms in the home, room ventilation, monthly income, income food sufficiency, smoking, diabetes, and heart disease. The current TB control programme needs to formulate strategies to target specific risk factors and poverty reduction simultaneously to break the vicious circle of tuberculosis.     

Identification of Risk Factors Generating Terrorism in Pakistan

Terrorism is a complex issue and various researchers have identified numerous causes and conditions that generate or are capable of generating terrorism. In the last decade, terrorist attacks claimed 36,495 lives and injured 27,985 people in Pakistan as a result of 3,482 bomb blasts and 281 suicide attacks. The aim of this research was to establish the major risk factors generating terrorism, based on the opinions of security officials who dealt directly with the Pakistan security situation. Sixty-five causes identified from the literature and interviews with security officials were modeled and transformed into a questionnaire. A nationwide response from security officials who were directly involved in dealing with apprehended terrorists was obtained. The population was selected proportionately from high, medium, and low security zones of Pakistan. Out of 500 questionnaires sent, 103 valid responses were received. The results helped establish the 13 major risk factors associated with generating terrorism. It was observed that addressing these 13 major risk factors would mostly resolve the other minor risk factors as well. Findings of this research might be beneficial for countries affected by terrorism, and countries with prioritized and rationalized allocation of funds in their budgets for substantially overcoming terrorism.     

猪胚胎干细胞培养和建系的影响因素及对策

为解决胚胎干细胞的培养和建系受血清、饲养层、细胞因子、传代时机以及其他一些不明因素影响而很不稳定的问题 ,在总结猪胚胎干细胞 (EG)培养和建系的经验教训的基础上 ,对一些常规的实验方法进行了改进 ,提出了消除上述影响因素的对策。     

Saving behaviour of citrus farmers in Ghana: implications for rural enterprise development

This article reports on a study that examined the saving behaviour of farmers in southern Ghana, using a sample of 100 citrus farmers. Probit and Tobit models were used in determining the factors that influence farmers’ saving behaviours and amount of saved, respectively. The empirical findings showed that age, household size, dependency, marital status, distance to financial institution, transport cost and congestion exerted significant negative impact on farmers’ saving behaviours. On the other hand, income, education, and gender tended to promote good saving behaviour. The article concludes that heterogeneity of factors ranging from socio-economic, household assets, and institutional factors greatly stimulate farmers’ saving behaviour.     

Structural Influences on Involvement in European Homegrown Jihadism: A Case Study

This article empirically assesses the applicability of structural-level hypotheses for involvement in terrorism within the context of European homegrown jihadism. It uses these hypotheses to study how structural factors influenced involvement in the Dutch “Hofstadgroup.” Structural factors enabled the group’s emergence and its participants’ adoption of extremist views. They also motivated involvement in political violence and a shift in some participants’ focus from joining Islamist insurgents overseas to committing terrorism in the Netherlands. Finally, structural factors precipitated an actual terrorist attack. No support is found for the frequently encountered argument that discrimination and exclusion drive involvement in European homegrown jihadism. Instead, geopolitical grievances were prime drivers of this process.     

Factors influencing rubber marketing by smallholder farmers in Thailand

This article assesses the factors determining the type of rubber product that farmers are willing to sell and the factors influencing their marketing channel choice in Thailand. Primary data were collected through questionnaire administration from 280 rubber farmers in two southern provinces. The results of the logit regression model revealed that membership of farmers’ organisation, access to knowledge and information, and total area of immature rubber positively influenced the sale of fresh latex. Membership of farmer organisations and accessibility to market infrastructure also significantly positively influenced the sale of fresh latex to farmer groups. The implications for rubber marketing are presented.     

Factors and motivations contributing to community volunteers' participation in a nursery feeding project in Malawi

This article reports on a study to explore the factors and motivations that contribute to community volunteers' participation in a nursery feeding project in Malawi. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with community volunteers in 14 of the 32 sites in the programme. The findings pointed to a mix of intrinsic motivations, namely a deep concern for orphans and vulnerable children, a moral obligation to help, and a declared love of the work undertaken, and also to external factors such as spirituality, links of reciprocity, and the building of social capital. Understanding what motivates volunteers to take part in resource-poor settings is crucial to recognising, facilitating, and sustaining the work that they do. Further research into volunteering in the South is crucially needed.     

Scalable competency in the communication profession

ABSTRACT

This article describes a research project that investigated the factors that enable entry to and advance within a career in professional communication. The scope of ‘professional communication’ is delimited to the areas that are embraced by the broad and overlapping domains of marketing communication, public relations, internal and external communication. A grounded theory approach was used. Individual professional competencies were identified and clustered. The ability to accumulate or scale these was termed ‘scalable competency’ and identified as a central factor in professional advancement. Scalable competency is related to two sets of determinants that are described as ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors. An additional competency, that of integration, was identified as a factor that applies to both sets of determinants. Constraints to advancement were also identified.