Demirjian法测定广东地区青少年第三磨牙牙龄

目的评估Demirjian法用于测定广东地区青少年牙龄的可行性。方法收集344例(男性171例,女性173例)广东地区9~25岁汉族青少年全口曲面断层片,应用Demirjian法进行分期评定,并比较测得牙龄与生理年龄的差异,分析男女之间的差异性,并分别比较相应分期与16岁和18岁实际年龄的似然率。结果本文344例样本的统计学分析显示,生理年龄与第三磨牙发育程度呈高度相关,相关系数男性为0.837,女性为0.886;Demirjian法分期为D、E、G期的不同性别之间,第三磨牙的发育程度差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);根据样本分期推断的牙龄与相应个体生理年龄的平均差异,女性为0.98岁,男性为0.88岁,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);分期为G期的样本与达到以及大于16岁个体似然率男性为85.7%,女性为94.3%,H期与达到以及大于18岁的似然率男性及女性均为100%。结论根据全口曲面断层片对广东汉族青少年牙龄进行推断不能单独采用Demirjian法,需用其他方法综合校正;而分期中的G及H期可用于对16及18岁年龄的推断。     

广东省6～15周岁汉族人牙龄的研究

目的研究广东省6～15周岁人群牙齿钙化的规律,建立根据牙齿钙化程度推断未成年人年龄的方法。方法观测2 710例（男性1 363例,女性1 347例）广东省6～15周岁汉族人全口曲面断层影像片,对其下颌牙齿钙化程度进行评分分级,所得数据经SPSS软件统计分析,建立根据牙齿钙化程度推断年龄的方程,并以100例（男60例、女40例）研究外样本进行盲测。结果数据统计显示,两侧同名牙钙化评分分级值的差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）,而性别间差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;下颌单侧8颗牙齿的钙化评分分级值与年龄相关系数（r）女性为0.552～0.759,男性为0.672～0.838;所建回归模型拟合优度（R2）均在0.7以上,估计值标准误男性为0.91～1.11岁,女性为0.92～0.98岁;盲测推测年龄与真实年龄平均误差男性为0.429±0.282岁、女性为0.399±0.252岁。结论本研究所建方法推断结果准确可靠,可用于广东地区6～15周岁人群年龄推断。     

中国北方未成年人群牙龄推断研究

目的运用Cameriere法和Willems法推断中国北方5~14岁人群牙龄,并比较两种方法牙龄推断的准确性。方法收集西安交通大学口腔医院年龄在5~14岁的中国北方未成年人群拍摄的全口曲面断层片2000例,其中男性1000例,女性1000例。分别采用Cameriere法和Willems法进行牙龄推断,利用SPSS 18.0软件对两种方法的推断年龄与生理年龄进行配对t检验,比较推断年龄与生理年龄的差异。结果 Cameriere法的推断年龄比生理年龄平均低估了0.38岁(男性)和0.39岁(女性),而Willems法的推断年龄比生理年龄平均高估了0.61岁(男性)和0.39岁(女性)。对比两种方法的平均绝对误差(mean absolute error, MAE),Cameriere法的MAE为0.87岁,Willems法的MAE为0.91岁。结论 Cameriere法和Willems法均适用于中国北方5~14岁未成年人群的牙龄推断,但Cameriere法比Willems法更准确。     

青少年第三磨牙发育的分期模式与年龄相关性研究

目的基于改良Demirjian法探讨上海市汉族青少年第三磨牙发育的分期模式与年龄相关性。方法收集1179例6～30周岁上海市汉族个体全口曲面断层片,依据改良Demirjian法(共9阶段)评估样本中第三磨牙所处的发育阶段。采用Mann-Whitney U及Kruskal-Wallis H检验分析不同性别、牙位的第三磨牙发育差异,建立多元Logistic回归模型以评估发育阶段与年龄、性别及牙位的相关性,并统计各发育阶段中年龄超过12、14、16及18周岁的样本比例。结果第三磨牙的发育阶段与年龄呈显著正相关(P0.001),且年龄对于区分各发育阶段(vs阶段1)的影响均具有显著统计学意义(P0.001)。经比较各发育阶段的年龄均值,上颌整体低于下颌(阶段1除外)、男性整体低于女性(阶段B、G除外)。不论性别,阶段E、F、H的样本年龄分别首次全部超过12、14、16周岁,且阶段H中年龄超过18周岁的样本占比最高(男98.7%、女99.2%)。结论上海市汉族青少年第三磨牙发育的分期模式与年龄显著正相关。上颌第三磨牙发育整体早于下颌、男性第三磨牙发育整体早于女性。阶段E～H有望成为判断个体年龄是否已满12、14、16或18岁的有用指标。     

HPLC法检测人外周血5-~mC含量及其与年龄相关性研究

目的探讨人外周血中5-mC含量随年龄变化的规律。方法94例健康个体(4~87岁,男性50例,女性44例)按年龄分为6组<20岁、20~30岁、30~40岁、40~50岁、50~60岁及>60岁组,用HPLC法对外周血中5种脱氧核苷进行定量分析。结果50~60岁组(平均年龄54.7岁)和>60岁组(平均年龄71.7岁)间的5-mC含量差异无显著性,但与其它4组有明显差异(P<0.0001);<20岁、20~30岁、30~40岁和40~50岁4组间无显著性差异。男性5-mC含量的均值(3.5%±0.005%)稍低于女性(3.32%±0.006%),但差异无统计学意义。结论5-mC的含量随着年龄的增长呈下降趋势,但其下降程度很小。     

应用膝关节MRI T_2加权脂肪抑制像推断活体年龄

目的探索膝关节MRI T2加权脂肪抑制像(T2-FS)在法医年龄推断中的应用价值,建立安全可靠的四川汉族年龄推断方法。方法收集膝关节MRI 324例(男性170例,女性154例),年龄范围为10~30岁。采用西门子1.5T磁共振仪摄片,MRI参数:T2-FS TSE序列,矢状位。将股骨远端、胫骨近端骨骺发育分为6个等级并赋分,分析各指标性别差异及年龄相关性,建立年龄推断回归模型。结果男女性股骨远端、胫骨近端MRI等级与年龄呈正相关性,股骨远端与年龄的相关性男性0.687,女性0.661;胫骨近端与年龄的相关性男性0.684,女性0.488。股骨远端骨骺完全闭合,骺线消失的最小年龄男性18.42岁,女性19.36岁;胫骨近端男性骺线消失的最小年龄为16.93岁,女性为14.68岁。股骨远端等级1~3、5、6和胫骨近端等级1~3、5年龄分布性别差异不显著。分别建立男女年龄推断模型,男性年龄推断平均绝对误差(MAD)=2.90岁;女性年龄推断MAD=3.30岁。结论膝关节MRI T2-FS影像可作为活体年龄推断的指标之一,股骨远端等级6可作为判断18岁的指标之一。     

53例青少年X线片骨龄鉴定分析

本文作者对53例14~22岁当事人的年龄鉴定案的案件性质、作案距鉴定的间隔时间、自报年龄与户籍年龄差距、鉴定年龄与自报年龄或户籍年龄的符合率进行了分类统计分析,并对骨龄鉴定的准确性及其在诉讼中的证据效力进行了探讨,针对骨龄鉴定的现状提出一点建议。1资料与方法53例被鉴定人的身体左侧肩、肘、腕(包括手)、髋、膝、踝等6个部位的386张X线片,来自2002年4月~2006年2月作者日常受理的骨龄鉴定案件。1.1被鉴定人情况53名被鉴定人,男性51人(96.23%),女性2人(3.77%),男女之比约为25:1,且男性全部为嫌疑人,女性全部为受害人。来自农村的48…     

利用中国汉族成年人胸部正位CR片影像学特征判定年龄

目的建立利用胸部正位CR片影像学变化判定年龄的方程,并评价其法医学意义。方法收集381例汉族成年人胸部正位CR片样本,其中男性208例,女性173例。选取胸部右侧第一肋胸骨端、左侧第一肋胸骨端、右侧第五肋胸骨端、左侧锁骨骨小梁和左侧锁骨松质骨网眼5项特征性指标,对351例样本进行描述评分,运用SPSS 19.0软件进行多元线性回归模型条件的基本论证,建立回归方程。并使用30例样本对方程的准确性进行盲测。结果本文所选取的5项胸部正位CR片特征性指标与年龄的关系可以使用线性回归模型(P0.05);建立了1组全指标回归方程和2组分组逐步回归方程,全指标回归方程估计值的标准误男性和女性分别为2.83岁和3.41岁,低年龄组(18~35岁)男性和女性分别为2.47岁和2.79岁,高年龄组(36~50岁)男性和女性分别为2.39岁和2.55岁;随机选取30例样本的盲测结果,误差在3岁以内的,全指标回归方程男性和女性分别为80.0%和73.3%,分组回归方程男性和女性分别为86.7%和80.0%。结论利用胸部正位CR片影像学特征变化可判定年龄。     

103名中国汉族唇纹特征分析

本文分析了103名中国汉族人的唇纹特征,其中男性57人,女性46人,年龄范围为22～58岁。按照金子·丑之助提出的分类方法,对中国汉族人的唇纹进行了分类,并进行了统计分析,得出了中国汉族各型唇纹的分类,并且比较了唇纹的性别差异和上下唇之间的差异。中国人唇纹的类型男性以Ⅲ型为高,女性以Ⅰ型为高。     

中国南方人群腹壁皮下脂肪厚度与心脏质量的相关性

目的研究腹壁皮下脂肪厚度和心脏质量间的相关性,为寻找适用于我国尸体检验中心脏质量标准值预测方法提供参考。方法收集中山大学法医鉴定中心1998—2017年受理的法医病理学尸体检验案例,设置排除标准筛选出总案例组,并从总案例组中筛选出6个疾病组和正常组。采用秩和检验比较正常组与各疾病组的心脏质量以确定疾病对心脏质量的影响,同时分性别按年龄分层对总案例组与正常组中腹壁皮下脂肪厚度与心脏质量进行Spearman秩相关分析并得到相关系数(rs)。结果在总案例组中,男性在所有年龄段中腹壁皮下脂肪厚度与心脏质量之间存在相关性(P0.05);女性在15～20岁和50～60岁两者的相关性无统计学意义(P0.05),而在其他年龄段具有相关性(P0.05)。在正常组中,男性15～40岁rs为0.411,40～60岁rs为0.541,≥60岁rs为0.683;女性15～40岁rs为0.249,40～60岁rs为0.317,≥60岁相关性无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在总人群和正常人群中,男性腹壁皮下脂肪和心脏质量之间均具有相关性,将腹壁皮下脂肪厚度纳入我国男性心脏质量标准值的预测具有一定的意义。     

Age-related changes in pulp cavity of incisors as a determinant for forensic age identification

To find a simple and convenient method for age identification upon age-related pulp cavity narrowing, the mesiodistal diameters of the cervical pulp chamber, the middle and terminal parts of the root canal of the pulp cavity of 620 incisors were measured on radiographs taken in situ in 80 Chinese aged from 15 to 80. It was shown that the three mesiodistal diameters significantly decreased in a negative linear relationship with age (-0.4233 ≤ r ≥ -0.8465) in all incisors, but the narrowing velocity of the cervical pulp chamber and the middle part of the root canal in the maxillary incisors (b = -0.02 mm) was faster than that in the mandibular incisors (b = -0.01 mm). Accordingly, a mathematical model describing the ages as a function of any one of the three mesiodistal diameters of the pulp cavity was deduced, which would be useful for age identification in forensic medicine or archaeology.     

陕西省6～15岁汉族未成年人牙龄的研究

目的运用全口曲面断层影像技术,研究陕西省6-15岁汉族未成年人牙齿钙化规律,建立利用牙齿钙化程度推断陕西汉族6-15岁未成年人年龄的方法。方法按照中国汉族儿童及青少年牙齿钙化分级标准,对1997名（男934名,女1063名）陕西省6-15岁汉族未成年人的全口曲面断层影像中下颌恒牙钙化程度进行分级评分;将所得评分值及对应的年龄输入SPSS软件并进行统计分析,最终建立年龄推断的方程。结果下颌同名牙钙化评分值侧别间非参数检验结果 P〉0.05,而性别间非参数独立样本检验结果 P〈0.05;下颌左侧各颗恒牙钙化程度与年龄相关分析结果 r〉0.59;方程拟合优度检验所得校正决定系数均大于0.76,估计值标准误男性在0.85-1.05岁之间、女性在0.83-0.97岁之间。结论本研究建立的方法合理可靠,可用于陕西省汉族6-15岁未成年人年龄的推断。     

中国汉族6～18周岁人群下颌恒牙钙化的性别差异研究

目的通过对中国汉族男女6～18周岁人群全口曲面断层影像上所显示的下颌左侧牙齿钙化程度进行比较研究,探究牙齿生长发育的性别差异,为建立用牙齿推断中国汉族儿童及青少年年龄的线性回归模型提供理论依据。方法通过对13491张(男6568张,女6923张)中国汉族6～18周岁儿童及青少年全口曲面断层影像的牙齿钙化规律进行研究,建立牙齿钙化的分级标准,并对下颌恒牙进行分级评分;数据用SPSS 13.0软件处理。结果非参数检验结果显示大部分年龄组下颌左侧8颗恒牙钙化分级值性别间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在8颗恒牙发育程度同等条件下,女性年龄比男性小0.303岁。结论中国汉族6～18周岁人群牙齿发育存在着性别差异;在利用牙齿钙化程度建立推断中国汉族儿童及青少年年龄的方程模型时,应分性别建模。     

中国汉族6～18周岁女性人群牙齿生长发育的年龄研究

目的研究牙齿钙化程度与年龄的关系,建立利用牙齿推断中国汉族女性人群年龄的方程。方法通过对6923名6～18周岁汉族女性儿童及青少年全口曲面断层影像下颌恒牙的钙化程度进行评分;将分级值及其对应的年龄输入SPSS软件进行分析,最终建立推断年龄的方程模型;从研究样本外随机抽取已知年龄的样本181例进行肓测。结果牙齿钙化评分值与年龄相关分析结果相关系数r均大于0．6,同名牙评分值侧别间统计分析结果P〉0．05且相关系数r均大于0．93,方程拟合优度检验R^2=0．789,估计值标准误为1．28岁,盲测结果与真实年龄的平均误差为0．421±0．272岁。结论本研究所建立的方法在推断中国汉族女性6～18周岁群体年龄方面有良好的应用前景。     

Relationship Between Pulp Tooth Area Ratio and Chronological Age Using Cone‐beam Computed Tomography Images

This study investigated the relationship between chronological age and pulp tooth area ratio (PTR) in maxillary central teeth using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in the Turkish population. The sample consisted of CBCT images of 120 male and female subjects between 14 and 75 years old. The PTR of the maxillary central teeth was calculated using inVivo 5 software (Anatomage, San Jose, CA). Data were analyzed with independent t‐test and Pearson's rank correlation test. There was a significant negative correlation between chronological age and PTR (r = ?0.615). The results showed that the PTR of maxillary central teeth is a reliable method for age estimation in the Turkish population.     

Age estimation of Korean adults by occlusal tooth wear

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of the modified Kim's scoring system as a practical method of recording occlusal tooth wear and estimating age. For this purpose, 1092 pairs of maxillary and mandibular full-arch casts were randomly selected, scored, and analyzed. The results showed that the modified Kim's scoring system had excellent reliability, and that occlusal tooth wear had a positive correlation with age. Tooth wear scores of all teeth except the two lower central incisors were higher in males than in females. Calculating tables for age estimation were designed by multiple linear regression analysis. Estimated ages were within +/-5 years of actual ages in 63.5% of male subjects, and 64.0% of female subjects. The accuracy of age estimation was increased when the subjects were divided into two age groups and data were re-analyzed. Collectively, it was shown that the modified Kim's scoring system is a reliable and accurate method for age estimation, and that the data from these 1092 individuals can be used as a standard for age estimation of Korean adults.     

四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的测量四川汉族青少年(8～20岁)人群面部中线软组织厚度,探讨其生长发育变化规律,为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法选取974例(男496,女478)头颅侧位数字X线片,分13个年龄段(8～20岁),选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量,并进行描述性统计学分析。结果四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度,在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚;男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异(P<0.05),在15岁之后差异增大,且LLI点显著差异性在9～20岁之间均存在(P<0.01)。结论四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的趋势,男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

Differentiation of epithelial cell types by cell diameter

Genital swabs play an important role in cases of alleged sexual assault. The aim of our study was to see if epithelial cells from the vagina, glans penis, or mouth could be distinguished on the basis of size. Vaginal swabs were taken from 12 women in different phases of their menstrual cycles; penile swabs were taken from 5 men, and mouth swabs were taken from 6 men and 6 women. For each swab, a sample was smeared across a microscope slide and allowed to dry. The dried epithelial samples were then viewed without any further processing with a "SteReoLumar.V12" stereo microscope. The microscope slide surfaces were divided into grids and all single epithelial cells whose contours could be clearly distinguished were photographed. The maximum diameter for each photographed cell was digitally determined using the Axiovision software. In total, 995 vaginal epithelial cells, 211 penile epithelial cells, 329 male oral epithelial cells, and 525 female oral epithelial cells were measured. Menstrual cycle phase did not affect vaginal epithelial cell diameter. The mean vaginal epithelial cell diameter was 63.95 microm (min. = 28.08 microm, max. = 108.06 microm, s = 11.50 microm). The mean penile epithelial cell diameter was 39.24 microm (min. = 28.38 microm, max. = 51.02 microm, s = 4.84 microm). The diameter of oral epithelial cells hardly differed for both sexes, although the female cells were, on the whole, slightly larger. On the basis of these results, it is not possible to conclude that epithelial cells of less than a certain diameter found in the assessment of a vaginal swab must be of penile origin. It is also not possible to usefully distinguish vaginal epithelial cells from male or female oral epithelial cells on the basis of the diameter. However, finding epithelial cells with a diameter distinctly greater than 50 microm in a penile swab sample suggests the presence of vaginal or oral epithelial cells. Epithelial cells examined with the presented method can be used without restrictions for further examinations, such as single-cell DNA analysis after single-cell picking with the micromanipulator developed by Aura Optik (Jena).     

ERCC1和XPF基因在法医学年龄推断中的初步研究

目的探讨ERCC1和XPF基因mRNA及蛋白在不同年龄段健康汉族人群中的表达情况,分析其mRNA和蛋白表达量与年龄之间的相关性,以期为法医学年龄推断提供新的分子生物学指标。方法收集150例不同年龄段健康汉族人群外周血样,梯度离心法分离血浆,Trizol法提取外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)总RNA;实时荧光定量PCR检测ERCC1和XPF基因mRNA在PBMCs的相对表达量;酶联免疫吸附试验检测ERCC1和XPF蛋白在血浆中的表达量。结果 ERCC1和XPF基因mRNA在不同性别PBMCs的相对表达量均无统计差异(P0.05)。ERCC1和XPF基因mRNA相对表达量在不同年龄段有统计学差异(P0.05),且不同年龄段组间比较亦均有统计学差异(P0.05)。回归分析显示ERCC1和XPF基因mRNA相对表达量与年龄呈负相关,其相关系数(r)分别为-0.578和-0.844;以年龄为自变量(x),以mRNA相对表达量为因变量(Y),其拟合曲线分别为Y=3.3E-5x~2-0.0261x+1.9175(R~2=0.3244,P0.01)、Y=0.0003x~2-0.0459x+2.0439(R~2=0.729,P0.01)。血浆中ERCC1和XPF蛋白表达量在不同年龄段及性别间均无统计差异(P0.05)。结论 ERCC1和XPF基因mRNA在PBMCs的相对表达量随年龄增加而下降,其血浆中蛋白表达与年龄无关,为建立ERCC1和XPF基因与年龄之间的数学模型提供理论学依据。     

Mouth Width and Cupid’s Bow Estimation in a Southern African Population

Standards for estimating mouth width and Cupid’s bow width in craniofacial approximation and superimposition are limited. Currently, the only guideline for mouth width, using direct skeletal references, is a general rule indicating a 75% inter-canine to mouth width ratio. The philtrum, which closely corresponds to the Cupid’s bow, is said to be equal to the inter-superior prominences of the maxillary central incisors. This study tested these guidelines against newly generated regression models and mean values. Cone-beam CT scans of 120 black and 39 white southern African adults were used. Comparative hard and soft tissue measurements were taken using a 3D DICOM viewer. Regression equations accounting population, sex, and approximate age variables (20–39 and 40+ years), utilizing maxillary inter-canine width to estimate mouth width and maxillary central–lateral incisor junction width to estimate Cupid’s bow width, performed statistically best. The regression models were more reliable than existing standards in validation tests.