中国黄种人与白种人脑颅骨特征差异初探

目的建立利用脑颅骨特征推断黄种人和白种人种族的判别方程,并评价其法医学意义。方法收集141例成年人脑颅骨样本,其中黄种人60例,白种人81例。选取脑颅骨10项特征指标,对125例样本进行测量,运用SPSS16.0软件对指标数据进行t检验和Fisher判别分析,建立判别方程。并使用16例样本对方程的判别正确率进行盲测。结果本文选择的10项脑颅骨特征指标变量均具有显著性种族差异(P0.05);建立了5组单项指标和4组多项指标进行种族推断的判别方程,综合判别率为74.4%~94.4%;随机选取16例样本的盲测结果,正确率为81.3%~100%。结论脑颅骨具有种族差异性,本文建立的判别方程可在黄种人和白种人的种族推断中选用。     

中国黄种人与白种人脑颅骨特征差异初探

目的建立利用脑颅骨特征推断黄种人和白种人种族的判别方程,并评价其法医学意义。方法收集141例成年人脑颅骨样本,其中黄种人60例,白种人81例。选取脑颅骨lO项特征指标,对125例样本进行测量,运用SPSS16．0软件对指标数据进行t检验和Fisher判别分析,建立判别方程。并使用16例样本对方程的判别正确率进行盲测。结果本文选择的10项脑颅骨特征指标变量均具有显著性种族差异（P〈0．05）;建立了5组单项指标和4组多项指标进行种族推断的判别方程,综合判别率为74．4％～94．4％;随机选取16例样本的盲测结果,正确率为81．3％-100％。结论脑颅骨具有种族差异性,本文建立的判别方程可在黄种人和白种人的种族推断中选用。     

枢椎种族差异的初步研究

目的探讨枢椎椎骨在种族间是否存在差异。方法对黄种人已知确切性别的33例枢椎椎骨进行研究,测量枢椎椎骨的8项指标,所得数据与白种人进行比对。结果8项指标中,其中6项指标在男性种族间存在显著的种族差异、3项指标在女性种族间存在显著的种族差异。结论枢椎椎骨在种族方面存在一定差异,可以进行进一步的深入研究,本文对骨骼种族方面的鉴定研究有一定的借鉴意义。     

现代人面颅角度测量的种族差异性

目的探索面颅角度指标在种族鉴定方面的差异性。方法选取现代人头骨57例,其中中国黄种人头骨30例（女性9例,男性21例）,包括吉林1例,河北5例,山东4例,青海4例,安徽4例,江西3例,云南3例,贵州3例,广西3例。欧洲自种人头骨27例,性别不详,取自欧洲Zellemdorf、Vresovice、Kysperka3地。按体质人类学测量方法,通过参考相关文献和对颅骨形态特点的观察,设计面颅左侧眶角、右侧眶角、鼻颌角3个角度指标进行测量。对测量数据进行描述性统计分析和两独立样本之间的t检验。结果3个角度指标在种族差异性方面,眶角的种族差异性具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）,而鼻颌角之间的种族差异性无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论有些角度指标显示出明显的种族差异性,今后需要加强此方面的研究。     

利用下颌骨进行种族判定的初步研究

目的探讨下颌骨在种族差异性方面的应用价值。方法选取18个常规测量项进行测量,将测量数据输入计算机,使用SPSS统计软件进行两独立样本T检验和Fisher判别分析。结果使用6个种族之间的差异性有统计学意义(P<0.05)的指标建立了6组全指标、逐步和多指标判别方程。结论下颌骨的种族差异性可为种族判别提供借鉴。     

舌骨的法医人类学研究

目的建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方法,并探讨其在法医学应用中的价值。方法对于河北地区收集的108例舌骨样本(男78例,女30例)进行观察研究,确立11个观测指标并进行测量,测量值采用SPSS统计软件进行统计学分析,建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方程,并进行Fisher判别分析。结果在11项观察指标中,8项测量指标男女性别间存在显著性统计学差异(P<0.01);利用8项测量指标中的任一指标或之中的多个指标组合建立线性性别判别方程,方程判别性别的准确率在66%～92%,其中多指标的方程判别性别准确率较单一指标的方程高,最高达到92%。结论舌骨形态存在着性别差异,利用多个舌骨形态学测量值建立的性别判别方程准确率较高,可用于无名尸骨的性别判别。     

面颅种族判定的测量研究

通过对国内外面颅种族判定测量研究现状的回顾和评析,指出目前尚没有进行中国黄种人面颅测量种族判定的有效方法。在已进行的面颅种族判定测量研究中,上面部指标的种族判定效果最好,而上腭区和下颌骨指标的种族判定效果较差。所以对于中国黄种人面颅种族判定的测量研究应当更多借鉴上面部的研究成果。     

根据颈椎CT片特征指标进行同一认定的研究

目的选择颈椎CT片上的特征指标,建立逐步回归方程,探讨其在法医学同一认定中的应用价值。方法收集130名被检查者颈椎CT片各1张,70名被检查者不同次颈椎CT影像片各2张。选择并测量颈椎CT片上的13项指标值,分别计算被检查者随机分组后相同测量指标的组间差值,以及同一人不同次测量指标间的差值,运用二分类logistic逐步回归分析,建立各项指标的一元回归方程和多项指标的多元回归方程,并对方程进行盲测检验。结果建立的13个一元方程中同一认定的准确率在69.0%~90.4%之间;建立的4个多元回归方程的准确率在90.4%~96.7%之间,盲测准确率为100%。结论本文在CT片上选择的13项特征指标可以用于同一认定,使用时应尽可能选用多元指标以得到更准确的结果。     

根据骨盆CT片特征指标进行同一认定的研究

目的选择骨盆CT片上的特征指标,建立逐步回归方程,探讨其在法医学同一认定中的应用价值。方法收集160名不同被检查者骨盆CT影像片各1张,70名被检查者不同次骨盆CT影像片各2张。选择并测量骨盆CT片上的14项指标值,分别计算不同人随机分组相同测量指标的组间的差值,以及相同人不同次测量指标间的差值,运用二分类logistic逐步回归分析,建立各项指标的一元回归方程和多项指标的多元回归方程,并对方程进行盲测检验。结果建立的14个一元方程中同一认定的正确率在61.1%(骶骨耳状面后缘宽)~80.5%(第一骶椎平面左右髂骨前端间距)之间;建立的6个多元回归方程的正确率在80.5%~93.8%之间。盲测准确率为100%。结论本文在CT片上选择的14项特征指标可以用于同一认定,在使用时应尽可能选用多元指标以得到更准确的结果。     

利用中国汉族成年人胸部正位CR片影像学特征判定年龄

目的建立利用胸部正位CR片影像学变化判定年龄的方程,并评价其法医学意义。方法收集381例汉族成年人胸部正位CR片样本,其中男性208例,女性173例。选取胸部右侧第一肋胸骨端、左侧第一肋胸骨端、右侧第五肋胸骨端、左侧锁骨骨小梁和左侧锁骨松质骨网眼5项特征性指标,对351例样本进行描述评分,运用SPSS 19.0软件进行多元线性回归模型条件的基本论证,建立回归方程。并使用30例样本对方程的准确性进行盲测。结果本文所选取的5项胸部正位CR片特征性指标与年龄的关系可以使用线性回归模型(P0.05);建立了1组全指标回归方程和2组分组逐步回归方程,全指标回归方程估计值的标准误男性和女性分别为2.83岁和3.41岁,低年龄组(18~35岁)男性和女性分别为2.47岁和2.79岁,高年龄组(36~50岁)男性和女性分别为2.39岁和2.55岁;随机选取30例样本的盲测结果,误差在3岁以内的,全指标回归方程男性和女性分别为80.0%和73.3%,分组回归方程男性和女性分别为86.7%和80.0%。结论利用胸部正位CR片影像学特征变化可判定年龄。     

Sex assessment using measurements of the first lumbar vertebra

Sex determination is a vital part of the medico-legal system but can be difficult in cases where the integrity of the body has been compromised. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for sex assessment from measurements of the first lumber vertebrate. Twenty-nine linear measurements and five ratios were collected from 113 Chinese adult males and 97 Chinese adult females using digital three-dimensional anthropometry methods. By using discriminant analysis, we found that 23 linear measurements and two ratios identified sexual dimorphism (P<0.01), with predictive accuracy ranging from 57.1% to 86.6%. Using a stepwise method of discriminant function analysis, we found three dimensions predicted sex with 88.6% accuracy: (a) upper end-plate width (EPWu), (b) left pedicle height (PHl), and (c) middle end-plate depth (EPDm). This study shows that a single first lumber vertebra can be used for this purpose, and that the discriminant equation will help forensic determination of sex in the Chinese population.     

An assessment of the accuracy of discriminant function equations for sex determination of the femur and tibia from a South African population

The purpose of this study is to test the accuracy of seven discriminant function equations that have been derived by Steyn and Is?an for sex determination using measurements of the femur and tibia of South Africans of European descent (SAED). While the validity of some of the discriminant functions has been assessed by the authors who derived them, no previous independent study has been carried out to assess the accuracy of these equations. These equations have not been tested on skeletons located outside of the Gauteng province. A suite of measurements were taken on 272 femora and 256 tibiae obtained from four South African skeletal collections. The validity of each of the previously published equations for the femur was confirmed. However, two functions of the tibia showed low accuracy rates, most likely due to difficulties in recording the distal epiphyseal breadth measurement, and thus were found to be poor assessors of sex.     

A reevaluation of the sex prediction accuracy of the minimum supero-inferior femoral neck diameter for modern individuals

The results of an independent test of the minimum supero-inferior femoral neck diameter as a sex predictor are presented. Seidemann et al. (1) generated discriminant functions for Caucasians, African-Americans, and a combined race sample from the Hamann-Todd skeletal collection. Jackknifed classification matrices and the use of independent, random validation samples indicated a sex prediction accuracy in the 90% range. This, combined with a high rate of preservation, makes the femoral neck a significant measure for forensic applications. However, the method has not been evaluated on a truly modern sample. Data were collected for 94 males and 49 females from the Documented Collection at the University of New Mexico. The sample consists of 94 Caucasians, 33 African Americans, three modern Native Americans, two Hispanics, and 11 individuals of unknown ancestry. All individuals were born after the turn of the century. We evaluate the accuracy of the discriminant functions generated from the Hamann-Todd control sample. For Caucasians, 83% were correctly classified, for African Americans 97% were correctly classified and for the combined race function 85% were correctly classified. This decrease in accuracy is the result of the increase in African American male and all female sample means. This effectively decreases the separation between males and females for the femoral neck diameter. We generate new discriminant functions from the modern data and jackknife the classification matrices. The Caucasian function was 84% accurate, the African-American function was 82% accurate and the combined sample function was 85% accurate. The femoral neck may provide a useful alternative to multivariate techniques for individuals who are poorly preserved.     

A proposed method for the identification of race in sub-adult skeletons: a geometric morphometric analysis of mandibular morphology

The identification of biological race (ancestry) in skeletal material is an important aspect of forensic investigations. While techniques for race determination are well established for adult skeletons, identification of race in sub-adult specimens has not been widely addressed. The present study investigates racial differences in the mandibular morphology of sub-adult specimens using geometric morphometric analyses. One hundred and seventy-four mandibles from five morphologically distinct samples were digitized and subjected to general Procrustes analysis. Results showed significant morphological differences between the samples and obtained cross-validation results of over 70% accuracy in identification of unknown individuals using the complete mandible. It is suggested that these techniques could provide a method for the identification of race in sub-adult individuals.     

Determination of sex by discriminant function analysis of postcranial skeletal measurements

Thieme and Schull [16] took measurements of seven postcranial traits from black skeletons of known sex to devise a method for accurately sexing human remains. With a linear discriminant function analysis of the data they obtained a 98.5% accuracy. The research reported here was designed to assess the accuracy of their method in the hands of other investigators using a sample of the same black population and its applicability to other populations of the same and different races. None of the samples used in this study were sexed with the same rate of accuracy either achieved or predicted by Thieme and Schull. However, two samples did reach 91% or better. Such results suggest that the methods employed have considerable value if used with appropriate precautions. Our multiple discriminant function analysis strongly indicates that neither side nor observer techniques affected the results. Sex accounts for a predominant fraction of the total variation among samples and race accounts for most of that remaining.     

活体跟骨数字X线片性别判定

目的应用数字X线摄影方法测量跟骨,评估5项测量指标在法医学性别判定中的价值。方法393例受试对象随机分组,实验组334例(男性148例,女性186例),验证组59例(男性26例,女性33例)。每一受试对象按照规定投照方法摄跟骨侧位DR片,分别测量5项跟骨长度指标。方差分析检验实验组各项指标性别间差异,Fisher判别分析及多元逐步判别分析建立性别判别函数。验证组样本数据回代,前瞻性评估判别效能。结果5项指标性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。共建立了6组性别判别函数,性别判断正确率在78.4%～88.9%之间;回代检验,判断正确率在79.7%～86.4%之间。结论跟骨侧位数字X线片5项长度测量指标代入判别函数进行性别判定的方法可为法医学个人识别中的性别判定提供帮助。     

Sex Determination Using the Second Cervical Vertebra—A Test of the Method*

Abstract: Sex is one of the critical questions addressed when unidentified skeletal remains are discovered in forensic or archeological contexts. Continuous testing and re‐evaluation of existing techniques is essential to improve accuracy and precision. The Wescott (J Forensic Sci 2000; 45 (2):462–6) method of sex determination from dimensions of the second cervical vertebra was blind‐tested on 153 adult individuals from the Spitalfields documented collection of human skeletal remains held at the Natural History Museum, London. Significant sex differences were determined for all dimensions measured (independent two‐sample t‐test, p < 0.05–0.001). The discriminant functions developed by Wescott were shown to have an overall accuracy of classification of 76.99%. Using stepwise discriminant analysis, a discriminant function based on the Spitalfields data correctly classified sex in 83.3% of individuals and was able to classify males and females with equal accuracy. Additional discriminant functions are presented for use in instances where preservation of the second cervical vertebra is poor.     

Metric analysis of sex differences in South African black and white pelves

Sex determination of unknown skeletal material is one of the most vital determinations made by forensic anthropologists. Numerous studies have focussed on the differences, both osteometric and morphological, between the sexes of a particular racial phenotype and population. Previous work by a variety of researchers has underscored the necessity of population specific standards. The purpose of this research is to metrically assess sex differences in the pelvis of South African whites and blacks and develop standards tailored to these groups. Data were collected from 400 known sex/race skeletons from the Pretoria and Dart Collections. Nine measurements (traditional and newly developed) were taken and subjected to SPSS stepwise and direct discriminant analysis. Results indicated that there are significant differences (p < or = 0.001) between the sexes of both races for most measurements. Discriminant function analysis selected ischial length as the most sexually dimorphic dimension in whites (averaged 86% accuracy), while acetabulum diameter was most diagnostic in blacks (averaged 84% accuracy). Six functions were developed from the pelvic dimensions. Highest accuracy was achieved from Function 1 (including all dimensions) which averaged 95.5% correct classification in whites and 94% in blacks. Functions based on selected parts of the pelvis were not as effective and ranged from 73-86% in whites and 72-84% in blacks. This research provided evidence of the significant sex differences that exist between the pelves of South African whites and blacks whilst measurements used here for discriminant function analysis gave classifications with high accuracies. These results can be used to aid in the identification of human skeletal remains in South Africa.