猪离体心脏冠状动脉的MSCT造影

目的 通过对猪离体心脏冠状动脉进行多层螺旋CT（MSCT）造影成像,探索离体心脏血管造影技术的具体操作方法及参数.方法 应用自主改装的血管造影装置,分别将脂溶性和水溶性对比剂以不同灌注量（50、60、70 mL）和不同灌注-成像时间间隔（5、10、20 min）灌注猪离体心脏冠状动脉,进行MSCT扫描和三维图像效果比较,由2名放射科医生对各组的造影成像效果进行评估和记录,并对结果进行统计学分析. 结果 脂溶性对比剂对冠状动脉周围脂肪造成浸润和破坏而影响造影成像效果,而水溶性对比剂未出现类似结果.灌注-成像时间间隔为5 min,且灌注量为60 mL和70 mL时造影成像质量最佳. 结论 本研究的血管造影参数为后期开展尸体在体心脏冠脉造影奠定基础.     

离体大脑血管造影方法及应用初探

目的初步探索离体脑血管造影方法及其应用价值。方法使用3种手动注射方法(注射器+针头、注射器+玻璃滴管、注射器+鲁尔接头),对15例尸体离体脑进行血管造影剂灌注。使用16排CT获取离体脑断层影像,比较不同注射方法的脑血管造影效果。结果 3种注射方法中,利用注射器+鲁尔接头所得脑血管影像更为完整,3D重建影像可以显示丰富的脑血管解剖细节,在脑损伤案例中可以提示出血区域。结论利用注射器+鲁尔接头是一种简单易行的离体脑血管灌注方法,在尸体脑血管损伤或病变检验方面可能具有一定的实用价值。     

尸体靶向心脏冠状动脉造影在诊断冠心病猝死中的应用

目的 应用靶向心脏冠状动脉死后计算机体层成像血管造影（postmortem computed tomography angiography,PMCTA）方法 对冠状动脉狭窄进行诊断,探索其对冠心病猝死的诊断价值。方法 选用鉴定实践中的6例死亡案例,用5F猪尾型导管经股动脉入路高压注射对比剂碘海醇,获取冠状动脉影像学数据并处理分析,将冠状动脉靶向显影及冠状动脉钙化积分与常规尸体解剖、组织病理学检验结果 进行比较。结果 尸体解剖和组织病理学检验存在冠状动脉狭窄的病例在靶向心脏冠状动脉造影中均得到相似的结果 ,诊断吻合率达83.3%。靶向心脏冠状动脉造影方法 可以有效显示心脏冠状动脉病变,冠状动脉钙化积分与常规尸体解剖、组织病理学检验结果 具有一致性。结论 靶向心脏冠状动脉造影技术在冠心病猝死案件中可以作为常规尸体检验的有效辅助手段。     

离体心脏冠状动脉造影术及其法医学应用

目的应用冠状动脉造影技术对离体心脏进行检查,以便更准确地发现冠状动脉病变的位置、性质和程度,提高综合评价心血管疾病的能力。方法提取10例不同死因的新鲜离体心脏,用指环注射器对离体心脏加压注射硫酸钡造影剂,在Xper FD20血管造影机下显影,获取图片及影像资料,应用造影机附带软件对所获得的影像资料进行三维成像处理。取冠状动脉组织HE染色,镜下观察,并与造影结果对比。结果 10例检材经造影获得的影像学资料,其中8例冠状动脉主支及各分支未发现狭窄,2例检材发现存在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级冠状动脉狭窄。与冠状动脉组织HE染色结果一致,二者相互印证。结论离体冠状动脉造影技术对于冠状动脉狭窄准确分级、血管畸形及微小病变的检验有其独特的优越性,可为尸体检验病理取材时微小病变的定位提供参考,为鉴定意见提供依据。     

我国首款尸体三期双频血管造影系统Diangio诞生

正第一代虚拟解剖是通过放射影像检查手段,或其直接的尸体的影像信息,可获得尸体全部证据信息的60%,而运用了尸体全身血管造影技术的二代虚拟解剖,或称之为新一代虚拟解剖,获取尸体信息的能力则可达到90%以上(传统手术解剖获取能力为80%),这是法医学技术革命中的革命。     

新冠肺炎合并急性脑梗死的尸体影像学检查1例

<正>本文报道了现代尸体影像学方法（PMCT和PMCTA）发现新冠肺炎患者合并急性脑梗死亡1例。本例研究表明，现代尸体影像学方法对于脑血管病变检查具有较高的敏感性，建议作为新冠肺炎相关神经系统损伤死亡案例检查的常规方法。1案例资料1.1简要案情某男，52岁，既往体健。2023年1月某日，感染新冠肺炎后被人发现死于出租屋内。由于家属拒绝尸体解剖，为查明死亡原因，在尸表检查后对其进行了全身高分辨率尸体计算机断层扫描（Postmortem Computed Tomography,PMCT）和尸体计算机断层扫描血管造影（Postmortem Computed Tomography Angiography,PMCTA）。     

扼颈20例分析

本文20例扼颈案,死亡18例,2例被扼昏者经抢救未死。本人收集了国内法医界曾报道的一些扼而未死者的神经系统临床症状和扼死尸体征象。结合本人的检验所见报道如下。 18例尸体检验,在颈部解剖时注意淋巴腺体、咽喉内壁、颈内动脉血管的观察,发现淋巴腺体出血者占27.7％,甲状腺出血占66.6％,颈动脉血管内膜横裂占16.6％,应重视对颈部淋巴腺体和颈内动脉血管分支处内膜的检查,尤其尸体有腐败时,淋巴结出血颈动脉血管内横裂的发现,     

借鉴制革工艺提取尸体真皮指纹1例

某年6月,某水渠里发现一具尸体,打捞上来发现尸体已是腐败晚期,双手表皮均已完全脱落腐烂,只剩左手手指真皮层保存较完好,通过直接照相无法获取理想指纹。借鉴皮革加工技术中＂脱脂＂[1]方法,将左手指从指节处切断取下,提取到了左手食指较理想的指纹（见图1）。具体操作方法如下：用手术刀将左手指真皮层小心剥下,为便于后期处理,尽量刮下皮下脂肪和残肉。用4%的Na2CO3溶液浸泡30min清洗后,再用三氯化碳和石油醚反复浸泡清洗。     

尸体断层影像学文献计量分析

尸体断层影像学(post-mortem cross-sectional imaging,PMCSI),也称虚拟解剖(virtopsy)或解剖画像(Ai),是法医学的革命性技术。较国际而言,我国PMCSI领域发展相对缓慢。进行系统的PMCSI文献计量分析研究,对于厘清国际PMCSI发展整体概貌和制定我国PMCSI发展战略方面,有着重要的现实意义。本文通过对2013-2019年PMCSI领域下27个专业术语不同组合进行在线文献搜索,并对文献的年份、作者、研究领域、发表杂志、作者单位、发表国家等系列指标进行了定性定量分析。分析结果表明世界PMCSI发展迅速:PMCSI已成为国际法医学的研究热点;瑞士、日本和英国PMCSI研究位居世界领先地位;尸体计算机断层扫描、尸体计算机断层扫描血管造影和尸体磁共振成像三个领域研究最为深入;PMCSI研究已得到相关学界的认同;法医日常检案中普及PMCSI是世界发展趋势。     

脑梗死的尸体影像学诊断研究

目的 初步探究尸体影像学方法在脑梗诊断方面的应用价值。方法 对3例脑梗案例尸体影像资料（PMCT和PMCTA）进行回顾性研究，分析讨论尸体影像学方法用于陈旧性脑梗或急性脑梗的系统诊断能力。结果 PMCT可用于陈旧性脑梗塞区域大小、部位和形态的记录，死后变化引起的脑组织密度改变无法完全掩盖生前陈旧性脑梗死。PMCTA能进一步满足狭窄、闭塞脑动脉血管的精准定位，通过观察狭窄闭塞血管对应供血区域是否出现低密度梗死灶，可用于是否存在急性脑梗（<24 h）的判断。利用尸体影像学单一方法判断脑血管狭窄闭塞的原因尚具有挑战性，未来通过影像学引导进行尸体脑病变血管的精准解剖及组织病理学检查，有望解决这一难题。结论 尸体影像学方法（PMCT和PMCTA）在尸体脑梗诊断方面具有一定的应用价值，建议有条件的实验室将其作为法医尸体脑血管病理学检查的常规手段。     

Diagnostic angiography in postoperative autopsies

Postmortem angiography was used as a diagnostic tool to rule out surgical malpractice in 227 medicolegal autopsies following postoperative deaths in Finland. Of the cases, 111 involved neurosurgical patients or patients undergoing operations on the carotid arteries, 62 involved coronary bypass patients, and 54 patients died following abdominal surgery. A portable perfusion device for postmortem angiography at the autopsy table involves attaching quick couplings to a compressed airline. Permanent cast and three-dimensional topographic assessment of vascular anatomy are achieved using solidifying silicone rubber with lead oxide as a contrast medium and stereopair radiographs. This technique can be performed by experienced autopsy technicians and can be linked to normal autopsy services. In our experience, postmortem angiography is useful in investigating all complicated deaths following surgical operations.     

Arteriovenous malformation of the brain: imaging by postmortem angiography

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the brain, detected in 0.06% of medicolegal autopsies in Helsinki, was imaged in four cases by postmortem angiography using contrast medium which vulcanised at room temperature. Postmortem angiography visualized the location, extent and type of the malformation as well as its feeding vessels. Angiography was also useful in differentiating between AVM and cerebral artery aneurysm as a cause of haemorrhage and in identifying vascular complications following neurosurgical resection of malformations.     

Whole body postmortem angiography with a high viscosity contrast agent solution using poly ethylene glycol as contrast agent dissolver

Postmortem minimal invasive angiography has already been implemented to support virtual autopsy examinations. An experimental approach in a porcine model to overcome an initially described artificial tissue edema artifact by using a poly ethylene glycol (PEG) containing contrast agent solution showed promising results. The present publication describes the first application of PEG in a whole corpse angiographic CT examination. A minimal invasive postmortem CT angiography was performed in a human corpse utilizing the high viscosity contrast agent solution containing 65% of PEG. Injection was carried out via the femoral artery into the aortic root in simulated cardiac output conditions. Subsequent CT scanning delivered the 3D volume data of the whole corpse. Visualization of the human arterial anatomy was excellent and the contrast agent distribution was generally limited to the arterial system as intended. As exceptions an enhancement of the brain, the left ventricular myocardium and the renal cortex became obvious. This most likely represented the stage of centralization of the blood circulation at the time of death with dilatation of the precapillary arterioles within these tissues. Especially for the brain this resulted in a distinctively improved visualization of the intracerebral structures by CT. However, the general tissue edema artifact of postmortem minimal invasive angiography examinations could be distinctively reduced.     

Mechanism of Death in Hanging: A Historical Review of the Evolution of Pathophysiological Hypotheses

Abstract: In cases of hanging, the exact mechanism leading to death has yet to be elucidated. Most of our contemporary knowledge is still based on writings from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. This article reviews the historic experiments that shaped our current theories. Medico‐legal textbooks written in English and French from 1870 to 1930 were reviewed. Various animals, such as rabbits, mice, and dogs, have been used to develop animal models of hanging. Limited human studies on cadavers and judicial hangings have provided some additional insight into the pathophysiology of death by hanging. The main pathophysiological theories described were respiratory asphyxia, interruption to cerebral blood flow because of occlusion of vessels in the neck, and cardiac inhibition secondary to nerve stimulation. The relative contributions of each of these theories to death in cases of hanging is still debated today.     

Reduction of postmortem angiography-induced tissue edema by using polyethylene glycol as a contrast agent dissolver

Postmortem investigation is increasingly supported by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, in which postmortem minimal invasive angiography has become important. The newly introduced approach using an aqueous contrast agent solution provided excellent vessel visualization but was suspected to possibly cause tissue edema artifacts in histological investigations. The aim of this study was to investigate on a porcine heart model whether it is possible to influence the contrast agent distribution within the soft tissue by changing its viscosity by dissolving the contrast agent in polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a matrix medium. High-resolution CT scans after injection showed that viscosities above c. 15 mPa s (65% PEG) prevented a contrast agent distribution within the capillary bed of the left ventricular myocardium. Thereby, the precondition of edema artifacts could be reduced. Its minimal invasive application on human corpses needs to be further adapted as the flow resistance is expected to differ between different tissues.     

Virtopsy: postmortem minimally invasive angiography using cross section techniques--implementation and preliminary results

Postmortem investigation is increasingly supported by Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This led to the idea to implement a noninvasive or minimally invasive autopsy technique. Therefore, a minimally invasive angiography technique becomes necessary, in order to support the vascular cross section diagnostic. Preliminary experiments investigating different contrast agents for CT and MRI and their postmortem applicability have been performed using an ex-vivo porcine coronary model. MSCT and MRI angiography was performed in the porcine model. Three human corpses were investigated using minimally invasive MSCT angiography. Via the right femoral artery a plastic tube was advanced into the aortic arch. Using a flow adjustable pump the radiopaque contrast agent meglumine-ioxithalamate was injected. Subsequent MSCT scanning provided an excellent anatomic visualization of the human arterial system including intracranial and coronary arteries. Vascular pathologies such as calcification, stenosis and injury were detected. Limitations of the introduced approach are cases of major vessel injury and cases that show an advanced stage of decay.     

Arterial Perfusion—A Useful Technique for Evaluating Incised Wounds

A 54‐year‐old woman was found deceased with incised wounds of both sides of her neck and both wrists. Postmortem CT scanning revealed air in the heart and in the dural veins in continuity with air in the right jugular vein. Death was due to incised wounds of the wrist and neck with blood loss and air embolism. The manner of death was suicide. At autopsy, perfusion of the thoracic ascending aorta produced a fine stream of water emanating from an incised wound of the right ulnar artery with no significant leakage of water from the wound of the left wrist. There was also leakage from the facial artery branch of the right external carotid artery. Perfusion testing can be used as a screening test prior to formal dissection and also to identify small vessels that may not be obvious on standard examination of an exsanguinated field.     

Medicolegal anthropology in France.

Medicolegal anthropology has a very long history in France. Basic studies on human skeletal remains started as early as the 18th century. The 19th century produced many medical theses and research papers on age, sex, as well as stature estimation. The research proliferated in the first 60 years of the 20th century, much of which is still in use in France and abroad. The later half of the 20th century, however, was dormant in research on human skeletal biology at a time when forensic anthropology was becoming an active field worldwide. In the last decade, medicolegal anthropology took a different perspective, independent of its traditional roots. Research and practice have both been in the professional domain of forensic physicians unlike the situation in many other countries. Population based studies requiring large databases or skeletal collections have diminished considerably. Thus, most research has been on factors of individualization such as trauma, time since death, crime scene investigation, and facial reconstruction. It is suggested that there is a need for cooperation between the forensic physician and anthropologist to further research. This also encourages anthropologists to carry out research and practice that can fulfill the needs of the medicolegal system of the country.     

Traumatic basal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Report of six cases and review of the literature

Basal subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of normal extra- and intracranial arteries, in association with minor trauma to the face and neck and alcohol intoxication, has been well described but often goes unrecognized at autopsy. This results in the incorrect classification of the manner of death as natural. Six cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to mild-to-moderate blows to the head or neck are presented. All were men in the age range 28-61 years (mean, 38.8 years). Four had blood alcohol levels of 0.09-0.28 g % at autopsy, and five of six were comatose or dead within 30 min of the initiating trauma. Traumatic ruptures of otherwise normal extra- and intracranial arteries were identified in four cases. The site of rupture was not found in one case, and the final case had rupture of a fibrotic intracranial vertebral artery. Multiple sites of incomplete and complete rupture were found in four cases. Postmortem angiography was used in one case to demonstrate the site of rupture prior to removal of the brain. Postmortem angiography and careful gross and histologic examination of extra- and intracranial cerebral arteries is recommended in all cases of basal subarachnoid hemorrhage where minor trauma to the head or neck has occurred prior to collapse or death, especially if the decedent was intoxicated at the time of the trauma.     

Massive systemic fat embolism detected by postmortem imaging and biopsy*

Postmortem computed tomography (pmCT) and pmCT angiography (pmCTA) provide a minimally invasive method to determine the cause of death. Postmortem image-guided biopsy allows for precise sampling of histological specimens. This case study describes the findings of lethal systemic fat embolism (FE) on whole-body unenhanced pmCT, pmCTA, and image-guided biopsy, with autopsy and histopathologic correlation. Unenhanced pmCT revealed a distinct fat level on top of sedimented layers of corpuscular blood particles and serum in the arterial system and pulmonary trunk. Subsequent pmCTA showed reproducible results, and image-guided biopsy confirmed fatal FE. pm CT/pmCTA combined with image-guided biopsy established the cause of death as right heart failure as a result of systemic fatal FE prior to autopsy. All imaging findings were consistent with traditional autopsy and histological specimens. This unique case demonstrates new imaging findings in massive, fatal FE and highlights that postmortem imaging, supplemented by image-guided biopsy, may detect the cause of death prior to traditional autopsy.