越境转移有害废物的国际责任

越境转移有害废物的国际责任赵建文越境转移有害废物是违反国际义务的行为。虽然直接从事这种转移的大多是自然人或法人，但依照国际法这是可以归因于国家的行为，因而出口国应当为其管辖下的自然人或法人的非法越境转移有害废物的行为和合法转移而造成损害的行为承担责任...     

论危险废弃物越境转移的法律控制——浅谈《巴塞尔公约》

20世纪以来,工业发展给人们带来物质和生活上的享受和便捷的同时,必然伴随着副产物,那就是污染.而作为“废物”中危害最大的危险废物,已经成为国际上关注的焦点.发达国家因各种“原因”,把产生的危险废物越境转移至发展中国家,使其成为它倾倒“洋垃圾”的地方,我国作为发展中国家深受其害.1989年《巴塞尔公约》的诞生,是对于控制危险废物越境转移一次里程碑的发展,意义深远.     

欧洲委员会控制网络犯罪公约与国际刑法的新发展

２００１年《关于网络犯罪的公约》是国际社会第一个控制网络犯罪的国际公约,该公约开创了国际刑法控制网络犯罪的先河。本文在介绍网络公约相关背景的基础上,重点探讨了该公约所规定的打击网络犯罪的原则和措施以及公约所确立的规则和标准对国际法和国内法的影响。     

论危害国际航空安全犯罪

国际社会陆续通过了四个相关国际公约以惩治危害国际航空安全犯罪,从而形成了预防和打击危害国际航空安全犯罪的国际公约体系。危害国际航空安全犯罪包括三个具体犯罪：非法劫持航空器罪、危害航空器飞行安全罪和危害国际民用航空机场安全罪。与国际公约相比,我国《刑法》的相关规定还存在诸多不足之处,对此,应从明确规定危害航空器飞行安全罪、增加危害国际民用航空机场安全罪以及完善刑罚设置等方面予以完善。     

我国刑法规定国际犯罪的立法模式探讨

国际犯罪分为"国际核心罪行"与"一般国际犯罪",它们源于习惯国际法或者条约国际法,但都被国际公约明确规定.我国缔结、加入了大量规定有国际犯罪的国际公约,而这些公约都要求缔约国通过国内立法对国际犯罪加以规定.因此,在我国全面或者大部分地规定国际犯罪,既是作为条约缔约国的义务,也是防止、有效惩治国际犯罪所必需的措施.鉴于我国的刑事立法特点,我们宜在刑法典中统一规定国际犯罪.即在修改刑法第9条、增加其对国际公约适用灵活性的同时,我们可以将一般国际犯罪根据其侵犯的客体规定于现有各章中,并新增一章"危害人类和平与安全罪"来规定战争罪、种族灭绝和危害人类罪这些国际核心罪行.     

论国际腐败犯罪

《联合国反腐败公约》是第一项全球性开展反腐败斗争的专门法律文书；国际腐败犯罪是该公约确立的一种新类型的国际犯罪，构成了公约的基本内容．本文根据国际公约的有关规定，对国际腐败犯罪的基本理论问题进行探讨和阐述，提出了国际腐败犯罪的概念，提出了“国际腐败犯罪属于国际犯罪的范畴，具有国际犯罪的基本特征”的观点并进行具体论证，进而从犯罪构成要件的角度综合分析和论述了国际犯罪的构成特点．并且认为，这种新型的国际犯罪还必须转化为各缔约国国内法的犯罪形式，成为各国国内法律规制的一部分，才能有效地制裁腐败犯罪。     

控制跨国洗钱的国际刑事合作

欧洲理事会关于洗钱、追查、扣押以及没收犯罪收益的公约是国际社会第一个致力对包括毒品洗钱在内的所有洗钱犯罪进行有效法律控制的国际刑事合作的国际公约。该公约于１９９０年１１月８日开放签署，于１９９３年９月１日生效。①在洗钱已成为国际社会所面临的重大挑战的今天，探讨公约关于在控制洗钱方面进行国际合作的有关规定，对于构建有效的遏制跨国洗钱的合作机制具有十分重要的意义。欧洲理事会于１９４９年建立。建立之初，它的成员国主要是西欧国家。冷战结束后，其成员国扩大到中欧和东欧，例如保加利亚、捷克、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利…     

国际反洗钱立法与我国对洗钱犯罪的惩治

与相关国际公约和国外立法比较,我国刑法对洗钱犯罪的规定很不合理。对洗钱犯罪的原生罪范围限定过窄,将罪过心理限定为故意,既不利于打击洗钱犯罪,也不利于打击相关犯罪。应参照国际国外立法的做法和发展趋势加以改进,同时要完善预防和控制性质的金融法律制度,加强国际反洗钱犯罪的协助与合作     

论国家环境权

自１９９２年联合国环境与发展大会召开以来，环境问题受到国际社会的普遍重视，并且把它同国际政治、经济等诸多问题结合起来，尤其是因污染物越境转移及设置环境贸易壁垒等引起的国际纠纷越来越多。在处理这些问题时，不可避免地要涉及到国家环境权利与义务，作为一个发展中国家，中国在与国际社会进行环境合作过程中，应当如何更好地保护自己的环境权益，很值得研究。根据当前国际环境条约、宣言的规定，国家环境权可以分为六个部分：①国家对本国环境及自然资源享有永久主权权利；②人类共同继承财产权；③发展中国家优先发展权；④控制污染物越境转移权利与义务；⑤领土无害使用义务；⑥共同但有区别的环境责任     

有害废物越境转移对传统国家责任的挑战

保护环境、防止污染的跨界损害已成为国际社会的共同利益和共同责任。为有效防止有害废物的越境转移 ,须对传统的国家责任进行重新界定 ,在“相对主权原则”基础上 ,通过导入严格责任、补充国家赔偿责任、确立国家责任承担主体、承担附随义务等途径 ,以弥补传统理论的局限 ,适应环境保护及国际法发展的趋势     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.