发射弹头痕迹特征的形成变化机理及应用

由于各种枪械的机件特征不同,枪支发射时将在弹头上留下反映枪械机件特点的种类及特定特征.通过研究枪械生产制作和使用过程中其部件特征形成的基础上,从弹道学原理入手,分析了枪支发射过程中弹头痕迹形成的机理和痕迹特征的变化因素,为枪支同一认定鉴定中检材与样本特征产生差异的原因分析及得出可靠的鉴定意见提供了科学的理论依据和实践方法.     

射击弹壳上新生痕迹特征的检验

检验射击弹壳上的痕迹特征,常规方法主要是对枪弹在装弹、发射、抛壳等过程中枪支有关机件与弹壳对应部位在紧压贴合下产生相对运动和相互作用时在弹壳上形成的痕迹特征的检验。枪支的有关机件在弹壳上形成痕迹的形状、大小、位置以及它们的相互关系反映了枪支的结构特点,是据此认定发射枪种的种类特征;枪支机件在生产加工过程中和在使用过程中形成的轮廓异常及点、线状细小特殊的痕迹特征是认定发射枪支的个别特征。但是在实际检验中,经常遇到由于在射击过程中受到枪弹和各种射击因素的影响或者被破坏,使射击弹壳上供认定发射枪支的个别特…     

试析射击弹头、弹壳痕迹特征在枪弹痕迹鉴定中的价值

枪支发射时,在射击弹头、弹壳上将形成多种射击痕迹,对其进行分析检验可以帮助判明射击距离、射击方向、射击者和被害人所处位置,为侦查提供线索;可以确定犯罪行为人作案时所用枪支、子弹的类型;还可以根据弹头、弹壳上的痕迹,对嫌疑枪支进行同一认定,以认定现场上发现的弹头和弹壳是否嫌疑枪支所发射,为侦查诉讼提供证据.本文将根据射击弹头、弹壳痕迹特征的特定性及稳定性进一步研究其在枪弹痕迹鉴定中的价值.     

从枪弹痕迹识别非制式枪支

区分发射枪支为制式枪支与非制式枪支是枪弹痕迹检验鉴定的第一道工序。对于一些制造粗糙的非制式枪支,其发射的弹头、弹壳上的痕迹特征属性很明显,容易与制式枪支相区别。但对于一些加工很好的非制式枪支,特别是那些用制式的零部件组装的枪支,仅凭单个痕迹就很难与制式枪支相区分。本文就此问题作如下讨论。1　制式枪支的痕迹特征制式枪支的生产、加工都有严格的标准,各个零部件的数据要求精确到0 .0 1mm ,其表面光洁度更有特殊的工艺要求,所以制式枪支发射的弹壳痕迹都很规则,基本上能反映出造痕客体的形状大小和加工特征。对于有一定磨损…     

非制式枪支射击自制底火子弹弹壳痕迹检验

由制式64式手枪改制的枪支,其射击弹头、弹壳上的痕迹位置、形态也因改制手法和部件的不同而存在差异,给检验增加了难度,利用其射击弹头、弹壳上的痕迹对发射枪支进行同一认定具有重要的意义。本案中,笔者在非制式64式手枪的拉壳钩上使用颜色标记,并对标记枪支发射的带有自制底火的改制弹壳进行检验,从而对拉壳钩在异常位置遗留的痕迹进行了确认,为使用异常位置拉壳钩痕迹进行发射枪支的同一认定提供了依据。     

对自制枪支检验鉴定标准的几点思考

枪支检验鉴定是地市级公安机关痕迹人员经常遇到的问题.关于鉴定标准,公安部(2001)68号通知《公安机关涉案枪支弹药性能鉴定工作规定》(以下简称《规定》)已作了明文规定:"(一)凡是制式枪支、弹药,无论是军用枪支、弹药,还是民用枪支、弹药,一律认定为枪支、弹药;(二)凡是能发射制式(含军用、民用)枪支子弹的非制式枪支(包括私自制造、改制枪支),一律认定为枪支;(三)对于不能发射制式(含军用、民用)枪支子弹的非制式枪支,按下列标准鉴定:将枪口置于距厚度为25.4mm的干燥松木板1m处射击,当弹头穿透该木板时,即可认定为足以致人死亡;弹头或弹片卡在松木板上的,即可认定为足以致人伤害.     

非制式枪支射击弹头痕迹检验2例

1案件资料 案例1某年2月,河南某村村民田某被枪杀致死,从死者体内提取到1枚弹头。该案发生近10个月后,办案民警从湖水中打捞上了1支嫌疑枪支,要求鉴定死者体内提取的弹头是否为该嫌疑枪支所发射。经检验,死者体内提取的弹头为有铜质披甲的非制式弹头,长约11.76mm,圆柱部直径约7.42mm,重4.1g,圆柱部有平行于弹轴方向的擦划线条痕迹。     

根据射击弹头进膛痕迹区分发射枪种的研究

通过对射击弹头上进膛痕迹的形成机理.特征反映、影响因素、识别方法,论述了射击弹头上进膛痕迹的应用,对克服原有区分发射枪种方法的局限性,开辟弹头痕迹检验新途径,具有现实意义.     

利用猎枪构件误差进行检验鉴定

鉴定猎用枪支和猎枪弹壳,具有一定难度.由于猎枪构造简单,因此在其发射弹壳上痕迹较少,一般只有击针痕迹和不明显的弹底窝或膛内壁痕迹.然而,有时猎枪的构件在生产过程中产生的误差和使用时更换构件或形成的构件磨损等,能够在发射的弹壳上反映出质量较好的特征为检验鉴定创造了条件.1995年10月29日某市发生一起持枪伤害致死人命案,技术人员在现场提取到一枚猎枪弹壳.而后侦查人员从犯罪嫌疑人处搜取立式双管猎枪一支,要求鉴定现场弹壳是否该枪发射.     

小口径枪弹简易抓弹装置的设计和应用

本文旨在使用常见材料设计制作一种简易抓弹装置，用于在案发地收集小口径枪弹样本弹头，从而有效减少因办案单位直接送检枪支而带来的诸多不便，达到降低运输安全隐患和办案成本、提高检验鉴定效率的目的。使用该装置收集小口径步枪发射的5.6 mm枪弹弹头54颗，观察不同组别的样本弹头形态，并与未击发的弹头和经制式的筒式纤维抓弹器收集的弹头进行比较。结果表明该装置收集的小口径枪弹弹头形态良好，均未发现明显变形或碎裂，能够达到检验鉴定和分析研究的要求。由此得出结论：该装置可以简单、便捷、安全、可靠地抓取高质量的小口径枪弹弹头，同时制造和使用成本相对低廉，有利于推广利用。本文方法提供了枪弹痕迹检验鉴定的新思路。     

79式微型冲锋枪子弹射击顺序的研究

目的研究79式微型冲锋枪发射子弹的排序。方法对已知顺序实弹射击取样,扩大观察弹头、弹壳上发射过程中形成的痕迹,通过统计、归纳,从中发现与排序有关的痕迹特征。结果壳体肩部圆点痕,弹底边缘压擦痕、拉壳钩痕与发射顺序有关。结论壳体肩部圆点痕、弹底边缘压擦痕等痕迹的有无、位置及轻重程度,对判断79式微型冲锋枪弹壳发射顺序有较可靠的参考价值。     

Striation Density for Predicting the Identifiability of Fired Bullets with Automated Inspection Systems*

Abstract: Automated firearms identification systems will correlate a reference bullet with all evidence bullets without a selection procedure to exclude the bullets having insufficient bullet identifying signature. Correlations that include such bullets increase the workload and may affect the correlation accuracy. In this article, a parameter called striation density is proposed for determining and predicting bullet identifiability. After image preprocessing, edge detection and filtering techniques are used to extract the edges of striation marks, the resulting binary image distinctly shows the amount and distribution of striation marks. Then striation density is calculated for determining the quality of images. In the experiment, striation densities for six lands of 48 bullets fired from 12 gun barrels of six manufactures are calculated. Statistical results show strong relation between striation density and identification rate. It can provide firearms identification systems with a quantitative criterion to assess whether there are sufficient striae for reliable bullet identification.     

Patterned imprint mark due to the folded shoulder stock: A possible finding in contact shots from submachine guns

The muzzle imprint (barrel mark) is a pressure abrasion typically associated with contact shots. Apart from the contours of the actual muzzle profile, other constructional parts such as the front sight and/or the recoil spring guide of semiautomatic pistols may be imprinted next to the bullet entrance wound. In some types of submachine guns the shoulder stock can be folded forward so that its end partly encircles the muzzle. If such a weapon was in contact with the skin at the instant of discharge, a corresponding contusion mark is to be expected. The imprint configuration may point to the type of weapon and to the way in which the gun had been held when firing the shot. The paper presents the injury pattern in a 36-year-old man who committed suicide with a Scorpion SA Vz 61 submachine gun cal. 7.65 mm Browning from former Czechoslovakia.     

An atypical gunshot wound from a home-made zip gun--the value of a thorough scene investigation

Zip guns and the atypical gunshot wounds they produce are rare in forensic pathology. Because of this, investigators and forensic pathologists may be unfamiliar with their construction, appearance, and the wounds associated with them. A 43-year-old mechanic, with a history of depression was found dead in a washroom stall at work with an atypical gunshot wound of the head. Upon initial investigation, no weapon was found at the scene. Due to the nature of the scene, and the unusual characteristics of the wound, the manner of death was at first thought to be a homicide. Subsequently, a simple zip gun, which had been overlooked during the scene investigation, was discovered by a co-worker while he was cleaning the stall. Examination of the wound revealed evidence of contact range firing. A markedly deformed bullet was recovered from the head, consistent with the use of the home-made gun. These findings, along with further police investigation and review of the past medical history, indicated that the manner of death was a suicide.     

体内弹道射击角度的计算与分析

目的　推断被枪击者在中弹瞬间所处的位置和姿势以及枪支击发时的位置。方法　采用立体几何作图法和三角函数计算法进行体内弹道射击角度计算。结果　可以准确计算枪弹弹道与人体解剖学三维断面———矢状面、冠状面、水平面产生的角度。结论　可以确定被枪击者中弹瞬间的位置及体位或枪支击发时的位置 ,对分析案件性质有非常重要的法医学意义     

用射人客体深度测算枪支杀伤力

目的　研究涉案枪支的杀伤力鉴定标准。方法　采用直尺测量方法 ,分别测量制式枪弹、送检枪弹射入同一客体的深度及送检枪弹径。将制式枪弹各数据及送检枪弹径代入新公式 (d1/d2 ) 0 75(h1/h3) 0 7=v1m1/ 5 .2 4d2 ,得出送检枪具有最低杀伤力时射入客体深度h3,该深度标准与送检枪弹射入客体深度h2 比较后可判断杀伤力。结果　该方法计算出的h3值为一区间范围 ,若被检枪弹射入客体深度在区间右侧 ,有杀伤力 ,在区间左侧 ,无杀伤力。结论　用射入客体深度进行枪支杀伤力鉴定 ,方法简单、实用 ,有助于探讨建立枪支杀伤力标准。     

QSZ92式9mm手枪射击弹壳击针痕迹次种类特征的研究

目的研究QSZ92式9mm手枪击针在生产加工过程中潜在的次种类特征,以区别于个体特征。方法用超景深体式显微镜对特定工序连续生产加工的10件QSZ92式9mm手枪击针的射击痕迹进行观察比对。结果不同击针形成的击针痕迹痕底特征具有特定性,而痕壁特征中的同心圆状或圆弧状加工痕迹具有相似性,属于次种类特征。结论同一认定过程中不能将击针痕迹中的同心圆状或圆弧状加工痕迹作为个体特征使用。     

国产56式半自动步枪弹底窝边缘撞擦痕的研究

弹底窝边缘撞擦痕是子弹在进膛过程中形成的痕迹.通过实验研究发现国产56或半自动步枪射击弹壳上该痕的出现率较高,笔者对痕迹的形成、稳定性、及鉴定价值进行了研究,以达到在检验中正确应用.     

FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND GUN MARKETS: HOW MUCH HAVE RECENT REFORMS OF THE FEDERAL FIREARMS LICENSING SYSTEM REDUCED CRIMINAL GUN SUPPLIERS?*

Research Summary: Following reforms of the federal firearms licensing system, nearly 70% of the nation's retail gun dealers active in 1994 dropped out of business by 1998. Dropout dealers supplied one‐third of guns recovered and traced by police but were linked to fewer crime guns than were other dealers, most likely because dropouts tended to be lower volume dealers. It is not clear if guns sold by dropouts had a higher probability of being used in crime, but guns supplied by dropouts did not move into criminal channels more quickly. Policy Implications: If federal reforms have reduced the availability of guns to criminals, the effect has probably been more modest than suggested by the overall reduction in dealers. Producing further reductions in the flow of guns to criminals through oversight of gun dealers will require refinement in the identification of problematic gun dealers.     

刑事司法裁量的边际均衡——从枪支认定标准与赵春华案切入

立足于真实的社会生活实践而不是想象的概念语词,能更好地厘清涉枪案件刑事司法面临的困境。经由枪支认定标准,刑事司法权力突兀地介入普通民众的正常社会生活,打破司法权力与公民权利的基本边际均衡,造成了刑事司法裁量的尴尬。刑法意义上的具有高度危险性的枪支,不应该与普通民众生产、经营、游艺所使用玩具枪、仿真枪的正常活动发生关联。刑事司法不侵扰普通民众的日常生活,这是刑事司法权力与公民社会利益的基本边际均衡。以一个侵扰公民正常社会生活的枪支认定标准为基础对涉枪案件进行“综合考量”,只会增加刑事司法的内部复杂性,进而造成刑事司法正当性的严重削弱。只有直面真实的社会生活实践,摒弃迷恋语词的法律形式主义思维,看重刑事司法的系统性后果,确定适宜的枪支认定标准,维护刑事司法裁量的基本边际均衡,才能有效化解涉枪犯罪司法治理的困境。